代币发行标准
Criteria for the issuance of tokens
当然,应用程序的不同用途,也决定了其代币发行会根据不同的标准,并且通过不同的定制来执行发币的过程,除了目前的ERC-20标准,目前还有ERC-223,ERC-721和ERC-777标准等。
Of course, the different uses of the application also determine that its currency issuance will be carried out on the basis of different criteria and through different customizations. In addition to the current ERC-20 standards, there are currently ERC-223, ERC-721 and ERC-777 standards.
1.以太坊代币标准:ERC-20
ERC是以太坊代币标准的缩写。
发币标准中,ERC-20是整个加密社区中最为人熟知的,在Ethereum平台之上发布的大多数通证(token)都使用它,我们经常看到的EOS、Bancor和Bankex等就是基于ERC-20标准开发的代币;
我们知道,在程序的世界里,代码即法律(Code Is Law)。
在多人协作的过程中一定是要按照一个标准来进行分工,这样才能最快的完成整体任务。
而以太坊作为一个分布式的智能合约平台,目前有2万多个代币的智能合约,试想一下,如果这么多代币的标准不统一,对于其他人来查看代码是相当痛苦的,众筹的人也就没有办法来检查代币分发的是否合理,也没有办法做到多种钱包的兼容,所以才在2015年11月推出了一种以太坊代币的标准:ERC20标准。
基于ERC-20标准开发的同种代币,价值都是相同的,它们可以进行互换。ERC-20代币就类似于人民币,你的100元和我的100元是没有区别的,价值都是100元,并且这两张100元可以进行互换;另外,ERC-20代币能兼容ETH钱包,也就是说,ETH的钱包地址可以接收所有的ERC-20代币,因此ERC-20代币能被交易所整合,立即进行交易。
那么ERC20标准涵盖了哪些内容?我们通过查看ERC20代币的标准API,可以看到在Method目录下面有一些方法,而所有的ERC20代币都是按照下面这些方法来定义的。
其中主要包括name、symbol、decimals、totalSupply、balanceOf、transfer、approve、transferFrom、allowance、Events Transfer、Approval。
也就是说,如果项目方要在以太坊上发行代币来进行融资,一定会按照这个标准来实现相应的函数。由于ERC-20标准规定各个代币的基本功能,使得第三方使用更为便捷,而且在开发人员的编程下,5分钟就可以发行一个ERC-20代币。
当然,应用程序的不同用途,也决定了其代币发行会根据不同的标准,并且通过不同的定制来执行发币的过程,除了目前的ERC-20标准,目前还有ERC-223,ERC-721和ERC-777标准等。
2.ERC-721是什么?
ERC-721的官方解释是是“Non-Fungible Tokens”,英文简写为”NFT”,可以翻译为不可互换的Tokens。
简单地说,就是每个Token都是独一无二的,是不能互换的;
举个例子,两套房子就相当于两个ERC-721的Token,不同的房子价值可能不同,即使是相同价格的房子,它们的房屋编号也是不同的,因此不同的房子是独一无二的,不可互换的;
之前大火的撸猫游戏CryptoKitties也是基于ERC-721标准开发的,CryptoKitties中的猫都是ERC-721的Token,不同基因的猫其实只是不同属性的Token;ERC-721的”NFT”让数字资产变得更有收藏价值,尤其是在加密货币收藏和网络游戏领域拥有巨大的潜力。虽然它在ERC721中只是智能合约中的一个Token,但是在CryptoKitties中,一只猫的价值可达1000个ETH。
可以看到ERC-20和ERC-721标准的最大区别在于Token之间是否可以互换。
基于ERC-20标准开发的Token没有价值的区别,是可以互换的,基于ERC-721标准开发的Token则是独一无二,不可以互换的;
另外,ERC-20的Token是可以分割的,而ERC-721的Token最小的单位为1,它是不能分割的。
比如基于ERC-20发行的1个EOS 可以分成10份,每份0.1个EOS,而基于ERC-721开发的CryptoKitties的一只猫是不能分成几份的。
3.什么是ERC-223令牌?
前面我们提到,ERC-20标准非常有用,但它还却并不完美。
例如,ERC-20的一个特别糟糕的设计缺陷使得当人们错误地使用他们,尤其是如果你将用于普通钱包的token 发送到了智能合约的时候,代币可能会丢失。ERC-223通过允许用户将代币转移到具有相同功能的智能合约和钱包来解决这一设计缺陷。
此外,ERC-223代币转账只需要一步操作,以此来提高ERC-20的效率,这意味着与ERC-20转账相比,ERC-223令牌转移仅需要一半的费用(即更便宜)。
最重要的是,ERC-223令牌向后兼容ERC-20令牌,这意味着它们在解决上述错误的同时保持了所有原始功能。
虽然拥有这些优点,但是,目前大多数以太坊钱包还不支持ERC-223代币,因此项目开发人员的采用速度很慢。
什么是ERC-777和ERC-820令牌?
与ERC-223类似,ERC-777旨在改进ERC-20令牌标准,并向后兼容。
ERC-777优于ERC-20的一种方式是,与ERC-223一样,它解决了导致超过300万美元丢失代币的设计缺陷。然而,ERC-777标准的独特之处在于它包含的交易处理机制的广度。
要解释ERC-777,我们必须首先使用ERC-820代币标准。在该标准中,在以太坊网络上建立了智能合约的中央登记处。注册表使任何人都可以“检查”智能合约地址并检查它支持的功能。
ERC-777使用相同的ERC-820中央注册表,使智能合约功能易于验证。它还建立了一套全新的功能,而不是使用ERC-20标准中使用的相同“转账”和“批准”功能。取而代之的是,ERC-777使用“发送”功能,用于传输以太网本身。
ERC-777的另一个重要亮点是它允许“授权执行”,这意味着人们可以批准智能合约代表他们进行代币转账。这使得ERC-777具有高度可定制性,因为它允许人们在代币之上构建额外的功能,例如用于改善交易隐私的混合合同,或者如果您丢失私钥,则可以使用紧急恢复功能来帮助您。
此外,ERC-777为发行代币和燃烧令代币创建了一个标准,根据项目的特定通证经济学,这可能非常有用。
不过,目前还没有任何基于ERC-777令牌标准的知名应用程序供我们参考,因此未来该标准是否会被广泛采用还有待观察。
其实除了ERC定义及知名ERC协议标准外,其实还有ERC62、ERC875、ERC1155、ERC998协议,ERC865等,所谓龙生九子,各有不同。这里不做多赘述。
4.STO代币标准协议
The EOS, Bancor and Bankex standards that we often see are those developed on the basis of the ERC-20 standards;
we know that in the world of the process, the code is the law (Code Is Law).
is the most well known of the entire encoded community. The ERC-20 standards are the most well known of the entire encoded community.
The ERC-20 standards are used as a distributional smart contract platform. > > The ERS, Bancor and Bankex standards are the ones developed on the basis of the ER20 standards. If so many indents are not harmonized, the ER/ECs do not have the same values as others.
下面可以了解一下STO代币标准协议:
The following is a description of the STO standard agreement:
工程师们为了让企业能通过区块链向投资者提供符合法规监管的金融产品,而又不违反证券法,便生出了证券型代币发行(STO)解决方案的想法。
Engineers have developed the idea of a securities-formulation (STO) solution in order to enable firms to deliver regulated financial products to investors through block chains without violating securities laws.
证券型代币与实用型代币(Utility Token)不同的是,证券型代币(Security Token)表示对资产的部分或完全所有权,公司、房地产甚至知识产权的股票。
Unlike the Utility Token, the Securities Token represents partial or full ownership of assets, companies, real estate and even shares in intellectual property.
然而,同ICO一样,如果没有标准,监管机构、开发者、KYC供应商、投资者、发行商、钱包以及交易所,就无法在同一个框架中协同工作。
However, like ICO, regulators, developers, KYC suppliers, investors, issuers, wallets and exchanges cannot work together in the same framework without standards.
目前,市场上已出现了多种STO标准尝试:其中有来自Polymath团队的ST-20,Harbor团队的R-Token,还有来自社区的提案——ERC1400/ERC1410及ERC1404标准等。
At present, there are a number of STO standard attempts in the market: ST-20 from the Polymath team, R-Token from the Harbor team, and proposals from the community — ERC 1400/ERC 1410 and ERC 1404.
前文也讲到了Fungible Token 和 Non-fungible Token的区别。Fungible Token称为同质化代币,也可以叫做可互换代币,典型的如同ERC-20标准的代币,token不存在附加的解释,每个单位相同token价值完全相同,token持有者可以随意交换,拆分整合。
The difference between Fungible Token and Non-fungible Token is also mentioned above. Fungible Token is called a homogenous token, and can also be called a interchangeable token, typical of which is the ERC-20 standard. Token has no additional explanation. Each unit has the same token value.
而ERC-721标准的代币,每个单位的token均有不同的ID,不同ID可以有不同的解释,设计上认为每个token都是不同的,不能随意按单位进行交换,这就是Non-fungible Token(非同质化代币/不可互换代币)。
On the other hand, the ERC-721 standard tokens, tokens for each unit, have different IDs, which can be interpreted differently, and are designed to be different for each token and cannot be exchanged at will by unit, which is Non-fungible Token.
ERC-1400标准依赖于ERC-1410标准,在设计上,将token的余额通过一个叫做tranche的属性,划分成不同的部分。可以对tranche做出不同解释,操作上进行不同的限制(例如:某些操作只限指定的tranche,某些操作优先消耗指定tranche下的token),这有些Non-fungible Token的概念,但也存在不同:tranche相同的token价值相同,是可以随意置换的。结合了Fungible Token和Non-fungible Token两者,故称为Partially-Fungible Token(部分可互换代币)。
The ERC-1400 standard relies on the ERC-1410 standard and is designed to divide the balance of Token into different parts through an attribute called tanche. Different interpretations can be given to tranche, with different operational limitations (e.g. certain operations are limited to the specified tanche, some operations prioritize the consumption of the specified tanken under tanche), some of which are not-fungible Token concepts, but there are also differences: the same token value as the token value of the tranche is easily interchangeable. Partially-Fungible Token (partly interchangeable currency) is known as Partially-Fungible Token.
ST-20,R-Token,ERC-1404都是直接依赖于ERC-20标准的,很明显,这三个都属于Fungible Token。ERC-1400依赖于ERC-1410,故属于Partially-Fungible Token。
ST-20, R-Token, ERC-1404 are all directly dependent on the ERC-20 criteria, and obviously all three belong to Fungible Token. ERC-1400 depends on ERC-1410, so it belongs to Partially-Fungible Token.
实际应用场景中,同一家企业发行的证券可能是存在差异的,如限售股/非限售股,优先股/普通股,原始股/增发股,这些不同性质的证券在分红,票权,流通性上不尽相同,其性质也可能在某个阶段发生转变,不同性质的证券在投资人眼里的价值可能是不同的。
In the practical application scenario, securities issued by the same enterprise may vary, such as stock limits/unlimited shares, preferential shares/general shares, original shares/additional shares, which vary in the distribution of dividends, rights and liquidity of different types of securities, which may change at some stage, and the value of different types of securities in the eyes of investors may differ.
ERC-1404,ST-20,R-Token这类同质化代币,要在合约层面体现出证券性质上的差异,只能依据地址进行限制,设置维护各种规则名单(比如:KYC/AML名单,出入账限制名单,冻结名单,最小保留额等)来做限制。这种设计存在局限性:单一地址在同一时刻无法持有多种性质不同的代币。如果要在合约层面适用于上述复杂的业务,可以通过多个合约管理不同性质的代币,这在完整性上大打折扣,开发的复杂度也会加大。
ERC-1404, ST-20, R-Token, a homogenous token that reflects differences in the nature of securities at the contractual level, can only be limited by address-based restrictions and by the establishment of lists of rules (e.g. KYC/AML lists, listing limits, freezing lists, minimum reserves, etc.). There are limitations to this design: a single address cannot hold a multiplicity of currencies at the same time.
再看看ERC-1400,在合约内部就将持有的token划分成不同的tranche,这样不仅能对地址做限制,还能对tranche做限制,诸如配股增发,投票表决,分红除息等复杂功能都可以通过在合约层定义tranche来实现差异化和差异转变。当然ERC-1400的设计也使得开发者,交易所接入的难度加大。
If we look at ERC-1400, we divide token holdings into different tanche within the contract, so that we can limit not only the address, but also the tranche. Complex functions, such as the distribution of shares, voting, and the distribution of red interest, can change differences and differences by defining tranche at the contract level. Of course, the design of ERC-1400 also makes it more difficult for developers and exchanges to access.
另外,不同标准在接口设计上也不尽相同。
In addition, different standards vary in the design of interfaces.
5.ERC-1410标准与tranche
5. ERC-1410 standards and tranche
ERC-1400标准依赖于ERC-1410标准,在设计上,将token的余额通过一个叫做tranche的属性,划分成不同的部分。可以对tranche做出不同解释,操作上进行不同的限制(例如:某些操作只限指定的tranche,某些操作优先消耗指定tranche下的token),这有些Non-fungible Token的概念,但也存在不同:tranche相同的token价值相同,是可以随意置换的。结合了Fungible Token和Non-fungible Token两者,故称为Partially-Fungible Token(部分可互换代币)。
The ERC-1400 standard relies on the ERC-1410 standard and is designed to divide the balance of Token into different parts through an attribute called tanche. Different interpretations can be given to tranche, with different operational limitations (e.g. certain operations are limited to the specified tanche, some operations prioritize the consumption of the specified tanken under tanche), some of which are not-fungible Token concepts, but there are also differences: the same token value as the token value of the tranche is easily interchangeable. Partially-Fungible Token (partly interchangeable currency) is known as Partially-Fungible Token.
ST-20,R-Token,ERC-1404都是直接依赖于ERC-20标准的,很明显,这三个都属于Fungible Token。ERC-1400依赖于ERC-1410,故属于Partially-Fungible Token。
ST-20, R-Token, ERC-1404 are all directly dependent on the ERC-20 criteria, and obviously all three belong to Fungible Token. ERC-1400 depends on ERC-1410, so it belongs to Partially-Fungible Token.
实际应用场景中,同一家企业发行的证券可能是存在差异的,如限售股/非限售股,优先股/普通股,原始股/增发股,这些不同性质的证券在分红,票权,流通性上不尽相同,其性质也可能在某个阶段发生转变,不同性质的证券在投资人眼里的价值可能是不同的。
In the practical application scenario, securities issued by the same enterprise may vary, such as stock limits/unlimited shares, preferential shares/general shares, original shares/additional shares, which vary in the distribution of dividends, rights and liquidity of different types of securities, which may change at some stage, and the value of different types of securities in the eyes of investors may differ.
ERC-1404,ST-20,R-Token这类同质化代币,要在合约层面体现出证券性质上的差异,只能依据地址进行限制,设置维护各种规则名单(比如:KYC/AML名单,出入账限制名单,冻结名单,最小保留额等)来做限制。这种设计存在局限性:单一地址在同一时刻无法持有多种性质不同的代币。如果要在合约层面适用于上述复杂的业务,可以通过多个合约管理不同性质的代币,这在完整性上大打折扣,开发的复杂度也会加大。
ERC-1404, ST-20, R-Token, a homogenous token that reflects differences in the nature of securities at the contractual level, can only be limited by address-based restrictions and by the establishment of lists of rules (e.g. KYC/AML lists, listing limits, freezing lists, minimum reserves, etc.). There are limitations to this design: a single address cannot hold a multiplicity of currencies at the same time.
再看看ERC-1400,在合约内部就将持有的token划分成不同的tranche,这样不仅能对地址做限制,还能对tranche做限制,诸如配股增发,投票表决,分红除息等复杂功能都可以通过在合约层定义tranche来实现差异化和差异转变。当然ERC-1400的设计也使得开发者,交易所接入的难度加大。
If we look at ERC-1400, we divide token holdings into different tanche within the contract, so that we can limit not only the address, but also the tranche. Complex functions, such as the distribution of shares, voting, and the distribution of red interest, can change differences and differences by defining tranche at the contract level. Of course, the design of ERC-1400 also makes it more difficult for developers and exchanges to access.
另外,不同标准在接口设计上也不尽相同。
In addition, different standards vary in the design of interfaces.
6.兼容性分析
6. Compatibility analysis
因为ERC-20标准在行业里最为通用,这里的兼容性我们主要考虑各个证券型代币标准对ERC-20的向后兼容。
Since the ERC-20 standards are the most common in the industry, compatibility here is primarily concerned with the backward compatibility of the various securities-type monetic standards with the ERC-20.
ERC-1404,ST-20,R-Token在接口设计上派生于ERC-20,其合约本身就要对ERC-20标准具有的transfer和transferFrom函数进行重写,可以说是向后完全兼容ERC-20。
ERC-1404, ST-20, R-Token was derived from the ERC-20 in the interface design and its contract itself rewrites the Transfer and TransferFrom functions of the ERC-20 standard, which can be said to be fully backward-to-back compatible with the ERC-20.
而ERC-1400会更麻烦一些,ERC1400继承自ERC777标准,其中的定义的转账函数并不是ERC-20标准中的transfer和transferFrom,如果要向后兼容ERC-20所以必须要额外实现ERC-20标准中具有的函数,且来自两个标准的状态变更函数在实现上最好进行解耦,彼此独立地操作。此外,相应event也要做变动。兼容ERC-20标准后,便可快速接入交易所,钱包等应用。
The ERC-1400 will be more cumbersome, and the ERC 1400 will be inherited from the ERC 777 standard, which defines the transfer function as not the transfer and transferfröm of the ERC-20 standard, and if it is to be compatible with the ERC-20 later, it will have to be extra to achieve the functions of the ERC-20 standard and the status change function from the two criteria is best decoupled to operate independently from each other. In addition, the corresponding event will be changed.
其他差异
Other variances
ERC-1404,ST-20,R-Token在设计上大体相同,唯一明显不同的是R-Token将转账限制的判断函数和判断结果的解释函数放在了Regulator Service合约中,便于升级版本,同时使用Service Registry合约作为注册器,保存当前最新版本的Regulator Service地址。主体合约R-token先要访问注册器合约Service Registry拿到Regulator Service的地址,再调用最新版本的Regulator Service中的转账限制的判断函数。
ERC-1404, ST-20, R-Token is largely identical in design, with the only notable difference being that R-Token placed the function of judgement and interpretation of the result of the transfer restriction in the Regularator Service contract, which facilitates the upgrade of the version, while using the Service Registry contract as a registry to keep the most recent version of the Regular Service address. The main contract R-token first gets access to the address of the Registrar Service contract, and then calls the judgement function of transfer limitation in the latest version of Regularator Service.
ERC-1400除了因tranche的引入而在接口设计上与另外三种标准明显不同之外,因其设计思路上主张尽量在合约层对证券相关的业务提供支持,比如ERC-1400考虑到实际的证券流通需要链上和链外的参与者之间更复杂的交互,因此该标准要具有能力进行强制转移,用于法律诉讼,资金追回等。
In addition to the fact that the interface design is clearly different from the other three standards as a result of the introduction of tranche, the design suggests that the securities-related business should be supported as much as possible at the contractual level, for example, by the fact that the ERC-1400 takes into account the actual need for a more complex interaction between participants on and outside the chain, so that the standard is capable of mandatory transfer for use in legal proceedings, financial recovery, etc.
而以上提到的四个证券化代币标准中,ST-20和R-Token分别是Polymath和Harbor自行设计,主要依靠自身进行推广。如果能打造出证券代币化的成功案例,势必会获得认可。
Of the four securitization monetization standards mentioned above, ST-20 and R-Token were designed by Polymath and Harbor, respectively, and relied mainly on their own replication. Successful cases of securitization would be recognized.
ERC-1404和ERC-1400则是通过EIP提议,广泛采纳社区意见,共同制定标准。但目前都处于Draft阶段。
ERC-1404 and ERC-1400 have adopted the EIP proposal for broad community input and joint standard-setting, but are all in the Draft phase.
一项提案从起草提议,到进入最终调用(Last Call)阶段,通常需要经历很长的开发、编辑、实现以及漏洞修复周期。这些提案可能只是证券代币化之路的一个开始,随着行业各方陆续参与,一定出现更多的的标准。
One proposal usually involves a long development, editing, realization, and gap repair cycle from the drafting of the proposal to the final call (Last Call). These proposals may be only the beginning of the path to the monetization of securities, and there will be more standards as industry engages.
好了,这就是今天的标准协议分类知识,你们get了没?
All right, that's standard protocol classing today. You guys got it?
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