价格暴涨暴跌,非法“采矿”、交易层出不穷
Price surges and falls, illegal “mining” and trading booms
比特币遭遇多国监管高压
Bitcoinhasmultinational regulatory pressure.
资料图:延安警方依照线索查获了5处“挖矿场”,每处“挖矿场”摆放着一两百台数量不等的“挖矿机”
Chart: Five “mining sites” were discovered by Yanan police on the basis of leads and 100 or 200 different “mining machines” were placed in each site.
核心阅读
Core reading
近日,德国财政部长彼得·阿尔特迈尔和法国财政部长布鲁诺·勒梅尔在巴黎联合举行新闻发布会,表示将在今年阿根廷举行的二十国集团峰会中联合推动全球对比特币的监管,将警告这一世界最流行的加密货币正在被非法团体利用。
Recently, German Finance Minister Peter Altmer and French Finance Minister Bruno Le Mel jointly held a press conference in Paris, in which they said they would jointly promote the regulation of the global bitcoin at the G-20 summit in Argentina this year, warning that the world's most popular encoded currency was being used by illegal groups.
去年以来,全球范围内加密货币非法“采矿”、交易和使用的案例层出不穷,加密货币交易市场的不完善和风险日益凸显。近段时间,多国金融监管机构陆续出台了对加密货币加强监管的政策,加密货币价格暴跌。
Since last year, there has been a proliferation of cases of illegal “mining”, trading, and use of encrypted currencies worldwide, and the imperfections and risks of the market for encrypted currency transactions have become increasingly apparent. In recent times, multinational financial regulators have introduced policies to strengthen the regulation of encrypted currencies, with the price of encrypted currencies falling sharply.
比特币市场爆炸式增长
The explosive growth of the Bitcoin market
有别于传统货币,比特币实际上是一种基于区块链技术的加密数据。去年以来,全球范围内加密货币价格持续走高,特别是去年12月,首个比特币期货产品在美国正式交易催生了全球范围内数字加密货币投资热潮,一批数字加密货币交易量与交易价格飙升。加密货币的代表——比特币价格在一年之内暴涨十余倍,市值一度超过迪士尼、通用电气等知名上市公司。
Unlike traditional currencies, Bitcoin is actually an encryption data based on block-chain technology. Since last year, global prices for encrypted currencies have continued to rise. In particular, last December, the first official transactions of Bitcoin futures in the United States triggered a worldwide surge in investment in digitally encrypted currencies, with a massive rise in the volume of digitally encrypted currency transactions and transaction prices.
“疯狂”的比特币既成为投资者的新宠,也成为互联网黑客横行的重灾区。
The “crazy” bitcoin has become both a new pet for investors and a major disaster zone for Internet hackers.
比特币基于不受政府控制、相对匿名、难以追踪的特性,近年来屡屡曝出恶意交易、僵尸病毒“挖矿”和非法牟利的案例。同时,黑客攻击事件频繁发生,比特币的价格暴涨暴跌,投资者保护仍处于监管真空状态。
Bitcoin, based on government-controlled, relatively anonymous, and hard-to-trace features, has been exposed in recent years to cases of malicious trading, “mining” of zombie viruses, and illegal profit-making. At the same time, hacker attacks have been frequent, Bitcoin prices have skyrocketed, and investor protection remains in a regulatory vacuum.
加密货币谁来监管、如何监管,成为考验各国政府的难题。目前,加密货币交易匿名,监管者难以收集统计数据监控其运行;对于跨境加密货币交易,各国也缺乏有效手段监管;去中心化的加密货币还与现行中心化的监管框架存在冲突,给监管带来新的困难。
The question of who will regulate and how to regulate encrypted money is a challenge for governments. At present, the anonymity of encrypted currency transactions makes it difficult for regulators to collect statistical data to monitor their operations; countries also lack effective means to regulate cross-border encrypted currency transactions; decentralized encrypted currencies also conflict with the existing centralized regulatory framework, creating new difficulties for regulation.
近日,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)投资管理部主管布拉斯发表公开信,列举SEC多次驳回数字加密货币交易所交易基金的几大原因,包括估值存在风险、流动性不足、套利风险难以规避、潜在市场操控和欺诈风险等。
Recently, the head of the Investment Management Department of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued an open letter in which he cited several reasons why SEC had repeatedly rejected the Digital Encrypted Currency Exchange Trading Fund, including valuation risks, insufficient liquidity, arbitrage risks, potential market manipulation and fraud risks.
目前仅有突尼斯、塞内加尔等国家发行了基于加密货币技术的数字货币,波兰等国也在积极尝试开发国家加密货币,但大多数国家对加密货币的态度依然是坚持监管从严,陆续制定和出台了一些加强监管的政策。
Only countries such as Tunisia, Senegal and others currently issue digital currencies based on cryptographic currency technology, and Poland and others are actively trying to develop national cryptographic currencies, but the attitude towards cryptographic currencies in most countries continues to be highly regulated, with a number of policies designed and put in place to strengthen regulation.
各国监管政策陆续出台
National regulatory policies are in place.
加密货币市场在全球范围内面临监管的持续高压,世界各国政府正在探索适合本国国情的加密货币交易监管模式。
The encrypt currency market is under continuous pressure to regulate globally, and Governments around the world are exploring models for the regulation of encrypt currency transactions that are appropriate to their national circumstances.
北欧地区最大的银行北欧联合银行日前发布禁令,要求员工从今年2月28日起停止比特币和其他加密货币交易;印度税务部门1月22日表示,在一项全国性调查显示印度17个月的加密货币交易额超过35亿美元后,向数十万人发出纳税通知;韩国金融监管机构宣布,自1月30日起,将禁止使用匿名银行账户进行加密货币交易。
The Nordic Union Bank, the largest bank in the Nordic region, had issued a new ban requiring employees to stop currency and other encrypted currency transactions from 28 February this year; the Indian tax authorities had indicated on 22 January that hundreds of thousands of people had been notified of taxes after a national survey had revealed that the value of Indian cryptographic currency transactions exceeded $3.5 billion for 17 months; and the Korean financial regulatory body had announced that it would prohibit the use of anonymous bank accounts for encrypted currency transactions from 30 January.
从严监管,效果明显。不久前,国际市场的现货比特币价格一日之内暴跌近2000美元。在2017年12月比特币价格冲至2万美元高点后,目前跌至1.1万美元左右。越来越多的业界人士认为,比特币可能成为下一个经济泡沫。
In the recent past, spot bitcoin prices in international markets fell sharply by almost $2,000. After hitting 20,000 dollars in December 2017, they have now fallen to around $110,000. More and more industry think that bitcoins could become the next economic bubble.
诺贝尔经济学奖得主罗伯特·席勒表示,比特币现象如同历史上著名的“郁金香狂热”,结局“很大的可能是会彻底崩盘并被遗忘”。
The Nobel Laureate in Economics, Robert Schiller, said that the Bitcoin phenomenon was as famous as the “Tulip fever” in history, and that the end was “highly likely to collapse completely and be forgotten”.
“假如比特币价格在未来一年跌至1000美元至3000美元,我不会感到意外。”美国伯克利金融集团首席投资官皮特·布克瓦表示,随着全球利率的上升,加密货币的崩盘也将接踵而至。美联储等机构为缓解全球金融危机影响而祭出的宽松货币政策,应为加密货币热潮负责。
“If the price of bitcoin falls to $1,000 to $3,000 in the coming year, I wouldn't be surprised.” Peter Bukwa, the chief investment officer of the United States financial group in Berkeley, said that, as global interest rates rise, the collapse of encrypted currencies will follow. The liberal monetary policies that agencies like the Fed have sacrificed to mitigate the effects of the global financial crisis should be held accountable for the boom in encryption currency.
当前国际社会也在讨论,由于大量的传统投资者和金融机构介入比特币交易,一旦比特币泡沫破裂,是否会引发系统性的金融风险。专家表示,各国目前出台的监管举措也都在寻找本国可以接受的力度和方式,既能加强监管又能规避风险。
The international community is also currently discussing whether systematic financial risks will arise in the event of a bursting of a bitcoin bubble as a result of the large number of traditional investors and financial institutions involved in the Bitcoin deal. Experts suggest that the regulatory initiatives currently under way in various countries are also seeking ways and means of strengthening regulations and avoiding risks.
国际社会需加强政策协同
Need for greater policy coherence by the international community
面对各国出台的监管举措,加密货币交易平台玩起“打地鼠游戏”,在世界各国寻找生存的空间。
In the face of regulatory initiatives in various countries, an encrypted currency trading platform plays a “gother game” in search of space for survival in all countries of the world.
近段时间来,波兰就吸引了越来越多的加密货币交易公司的注意,去年比特币交易活跃的货币中波兰货币兹罗提排名第五,出乎很多人的意料。“波兰政府积极地推动虚拟货币的发展,波兰的金融系统对加密货币的包容度比其他西欧国家相对要高。”在波兰从事加密货币交易的投资人奎亚迪克对记者说。
In recent times, Poland has attracted the attention of an increasing number of crypto-currency trading companies, with the Polish currency zloty being ranked fifth in last year’s active currency in bitcoin, out of many expectations. “The Polish government is actively promoting virtual currency development, and Poland’s financial system is relatively more inclusive of crypto-currency than other Western European countries.”
“当前各国在出台对加密货币的监管政策时整体比较审慎,一方面是担心扼杀相关的技术环境,另一方面又担心产生金融风险,各国出台的政策也是有紧有松,给比特币监管带来了新的难题,因此针对加密货币的监管还需要全球性协调和合作。”中国人民大学商法研究所所长刘俊海教授说。
“Currently, countries have been more cautious in introducing regulatory policies on cryptographic currency, fearing, on the one hand, the strangulation of the associated technological environment and, on the other hand, financial risks. Policies adopted by countries have also been tight and pose new challenges for the regulation of bitcoin, and global coordination and cooperation on the regulation of encrypted money is therefore needed.” Professor Liu Joon-hye, Director of the Chinese People's University Institute of Commercial Law, said.
比特币的监管问题很有可能成为今年二十国集团峰会的新议题。勒梅尔就多次表示,他将提议在二十国集团峰会上讨论比特币的问题,对于投机风险,成员国都需要一起讨论管理比特币的规制。美国财政部长姆努钦日前也表示,他将与二十国集团合作,防止比特币等加密货币成为匿名瑞士银行账户的数字等价物。
The issue of Bitcoin’s regulation is likely to become a new issue at this year’s G-20 summit. Lemel has repeatedly said that he will propose to discuss Bitcoin at the G20 summit, and that, with regard to speculative risks, member states will need to discuss regulations governing Bitcoin.
专家建议,二十国集团和一些国际性的金融机构应加快制定相关原则和准则,为各国建立相协调的监管政策提供案例和遵循。同时在监管方面实现全球协同,共同打击非法的加密货币交易和犯罪。本报记者于洋
Experts suggest that the G-20 and some international financial institutions should accelerate the development of principles and guidelines to provide examples and follow-up for countries to establish coordinated regulatory policies. At the same time, global synergies in regulation should be achieved to combat illegal and encrypted currency transactions and crime.
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