2017年6月,个别企业冒用央行名义,将相关数字产品冠以“中国人民银行授权发行”,或是谎称央行发行数字货币推广团队,企图欺骗公众,借机牟取暴利。而时隔两年,此番现象再度重演,借由“央行数字货币”(DCEP)的热点,个别机构将相关产品冠以“DC/EP”或“DCEP”之名在资产交易平台进行交易。
In June 2017, individual firms, using the name of the central bank, branded the relevant digital products as “the People’s Bank of China’s authorized distribution” or falsely described the central bank as issuing digital money promotion teams in an attempt to defraud the public and profit from it. In two years’ time, this happened again, with individual agencies trading the products under the name “DC/EP” or “DCEP” in asset-trading platforms.
8月14日,福建省漳州市漳浦县人民检察院对外披露了一起民族资产解冻系列诈骗案的起诉书。鹰鉴在该起诉书中看到,邱某某等三名被告人以“辉煌人生”、“陈某夫项目”、“张健三张卡数字货币项目”等“民族资产解冻”为名义的虚假项目,组建微信群开展诈骗活动。
On 14 August, the People's Procuratorate of Kuopu County, Fujian Province, disclosed an indictment for the unfreezing of national assets in a series of fraud cases. In that indictment, Eagle Xi found that a group of three defendants in Qiu engaged in fraudulent activities under the guise of “beautiful life”, “Ten Fong Project” and “Shang Jianqian Three Cards Digital Currency Project” as false projects for the unfreezing of national assets.
2017年1月以来,王某林、田某起、张某霞等人(均另案处理)在网上成立指挥部,组织以“民族资产解冻”为名义的虚假项目微信群,声称投资少量资金可以获得高额回报,该组织下设3个支队,每个支队下设8个大队,每个大队下设11个微信群,被告人邱某某、叶某某、陈某甲在加入该项目后,经培训后分别担任一支队支队长、七大队大队长及组长的职务,负责上传下达,协助上级推广虚假项目,发展、管理会员,收取钱财,截至案发,该项目没有成功兑现。
Since January 2017, Wang Yi Lin, Yap and Chen Xiaoxia et al. (all handled separately) have set up an online command to organize a pseudo-project micro-credit group in the name of “national assets unfrozen”, claiming a high return on the small amount of money invested. The organization has three branches, each of which has eight teams, each of which has 11 micro-letters. The accused, after joining the project, has been trained to serve as a team leader, captain and leader of the seven teams, who are responsible for uploading and assisting their superiors in promoting the false project, developing, managing members, collecting money and, as of the date of its issuance, has not succeeded in delivering the project.
2017年1月,该组织以一个“辉煌人生”民族资产解冻项目,每个会员缴纳人民币103元等资产解冻后可获得50万元的分红为由,通过被告人邱某某、叶某某、陈某将该信息下达至各自微信管理群,共发展并收取被害人陈某某等31人钱款3193元。
In January 2017, the organization developed and received a sum of $3193 from the victim's 31-person Chen by sending this information to their respective micro-credit management groups on the basis of a project to unfreeze the national assets of a “beautiful life” in which each member paid RMB 103 and other assets and obtained a share of RMB 500,000 upon the unfreezing of the said assets.
2017年4月,邱某某以一个民族资产解冻项目,每个会员缴纳65元等资产解冻后可获得几十万元的分红为由,开展诈骗活动。邱某某在此项目中共收取大队长管某圆、黄某霞(均另案处理)等人上交的钱款18750元。
In April 2017, one of Qiu’s members engaged in fraud on the basis of a national assets unfrozen project in which each member paid 65 yuan, etc., and received hundreds of thousands of yuan in dividends.
2017年8月,该组织以一个民族资产解冻第二期项目(陈某夫项目),每个会员缴纳100元等资产解冻后可获得几十万元的分红为由,通过邱某某在此项目中收取其分管的大队长上交的钱款40950元,叶某某、陈某在此项目中协助收取会员赵某某等人钱款6700元。
In August 2017, the organization, on the basis of a national asset unfrozen phase II project (the Chen Pfeiff project), each member paid $100, etc., and was able to receive hundreds of thousands of yuan in dividends, paid 40,950 yuan from the chief of the division in Qiu, and helped to collect 6700 yuan from one of the members in this project.
2019年11月,杨某芝(另案处理)成立“张健三张卡”虚假数字货币项目群,以每张卡200到300元不等费用进行销售,购买人投资后待统一激活会获得几千万元的数字货币,等数字货币流通后可以兑换人民币为由进行推广,陈某在此项目中共推广别人投资3200元并从中获利750元。
In November 2019, Yang Fong Chi (a separate case) set up a group of false digital money projects called “Chang Ken's three cards” for sale at a cost of between 200 and 300 yuan per card. After investing in them, buyers will receive tens of millions of yuan in digital currency, which can be exchanged for the renminbi, etc. Under this project Chen was promoted to invest a total of 3,200 yuan and earned 750 yuan.
漳浦县人民检察院认为,邱某某、叶某某、陈某伙同他人骗取他人财物,其中,邱某某犯罪数额巨大,叶某某、陈某甲犯罪数额较大,其行为均触犯了刑法,犯罪事实清楚,证据确实、充分,应当以诈骗罪追究其刑事责任,属共同犯罪,均为主犯。
The People's Prosecutor's Office of the County of Jiu Pu considered that Qiu, Yip and Chen, in collaboration with others, had taken possession of other people's property, of which Qiu had committed a crime of a large amount, Ye had committed a crime of a large amount and Chen had committed an act of a criminal nature, the facts of the offence were clear, the evidence was clear and sufficient, that he should be held criminally responsible for the offence of fraud, that he was a co-criminal and that he was the main perpetrator.
建议对被告人邱某某、叶某某、陈某分别在有期徒刑3年至3年6个月、有期徒刑7个月至8个月、有期徒刑8个月至9个月的幅度内处刑,并处罚金。
It is recommended that the accused Qiu, Yip and Chen be sentenced to prison terms ranging from 3 to 3 years and 6 months, 7 to 8 months and 8 to 9 months, respectively, and punished with a fine.
2019年8月,多名受害人先后来到珠晖公安分局报警,称被一个叫“推特”虚拟数字货币钱包平台诈骗,被诈骗金额总计200余万元,现该平台已无法提现,且平台负责人和推广人均不见踪影。
In August 2019, a number of victims came to the police station in Zhuang, claiming that they had been defrauded by a virtual digital wallet platform called “Twitter” for a total amount of more than 2 million yuan, which was no longer available and that the platform's owners and promoters were not present.
经查,2018年下半年,嫌疑人韩某国找到周某、王某、胡某、泮某四人合谋一起开发推特钱包(Twitter
Wallet)虚拟数字货币钱包平台项目,声称公司注册地在美国,且有外资加入。2019年1月份,推特钱包平台正式上线运营,并在多地进行线上线下宣传推广。
In the second half of 2018, a suspect from one of Korea’s countries found out that Zhou, Wang, Hu, Hu, and Yan had conspired to develop the Twitter Wallet Virtual Digital Wallet platform project, claiming that the company was registered in the United States and that it had foreign funding. In January 2019, the Twitter Wallet platform was officially online and promoted online in several locations.
该平台先是宣称会员只要在平台账号内注册并充值价值500美金以上的数字货币开启COS模式(智能量化交易),便可获得6%-19%月化收益,发展下线会员还能获得高额提成,会员充值到平台的数字货币本金可以随进随出,且天天有利息;并宣称会员可以通过平台的一币兑换功能,直接以现金人民币的形式进行数字货币充值。一步一步将受害人引入骗局的泥沼。
The platform begins with a declaration that members can start the COS model (intelligent quantitative transactions) by registering and charging digital currency worth more than $500 in the platform's account, that 6-19 per cent monthly gains will be realized, and that development bottom-line members will be able to obtain a high build-up of the platform's digital currency principal, which can come and go with interest every day; and that members can use the platform's one-currency conversion function to directly charge the money in the form of a cash renminbi. Step by step, the victim will be introduced into a scam.
起初,会员们可以通过平台提取收益。但从2019年5月下旬开始,受害人们加大资金投入,但推特钱包平台却出现会员无法提币。他们几次向推特钱包平台衡阳市场团队负责人反映无法提币的情况,但问题一直没得到解决,反而被踢出了平台微信群。受害人意识到被骗后陆续报警。
Initially, members could draw money from the platform. But since late May 2019, the victims increased their investment, but members were unable to raise money on Twitter wallet platforms. On several occasions, they told the head of the cash market team on Twitter wallet platforms that they were unable to do so, but the problem was never solved and they were kicked out of the platform's micro-strategy. The victims realized that they had been tricked and reported to the police.
接到报警后,珠晖区副区长、公安分局局长何玉竹高度重视,立即指示由新华派出所主办该案,刑侦、法制、经侦、网安4个大队给予支持,联动作战、形成合力。
Upon being informed of the incident, the Deputy Governor of the Zhuang district and the Director of the Public Security Department, Ho Ok-ja, attached great importance to the case and immediately instructed the Xinhua police station to host the case, with the support of four teams, namely, investigators, the rule of law, investigators and the Internet, to join forces in fighting and forming synergies.
为尽快破获该案,及时挽回受害人损失。新华派出所民警不畏艰辛,联动多方,先后深入浙江东阳、四川乐山、江西宜春等地抓获犯罪嫌疑人5名。
The police officers at Xinhua Police Station, without fear of hardship, have joined forces to arrest five suspects in Zaijiang Dongyang, Sichuan Leishan, Jiang Xi Yichun, etc.
民警经调查发现,平台通过一币兑换功能收到会员充值的钱后,韩某国等人利用后台操作,把该会员充值相对应的数字货币数量,以数字积分的形式充到该会员账号上,让会员账号显示相对应的数字货币资产,但实际上并没有真正帮会员购买虚拟货币。而平台会员通过一币兑换功能购买数字货币进行充值的钱,直接打到了平台控制人亲属的银行账号名下。事发后,韩某国等人便卷款潜逃。
The CIVPOL investigation found that after the platform received the amount of the member’s money charged through a currency exchange function, one of the members of the platform’s members used the back office to use the amount of digital currency corresponding to the member’s account number to fill the member’s account in the form of a numeric fraction, allowing the member’s account number to show the corresponding digital monetary asset, but did not actually buy the member’s virtual currency. The member of the platform purchased the amount of money charged in digital currency through a currency exchange function, directly hitting the bank account number of the person’s relatives under the platform’ control.
经初步调查统计,2019年1月至今,推特钱包平台共计发展会员达1000人左右,受害人遍布湖南、浙江、广东、安徽、贵州、北京等地,吸收会员存款含虚拟数字货币和现金人民币价值共计3000余万元人民币。
According to the preliminary survey, from January 2019 to the present date, the Twitter wallet platform has developed a total of about 1,000 members, with victims in Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Anhui, Guizhou and Beijing, receiving member deposits with a virtual digital currency and a cash renminbi value of more than 30 million yuan.
目前,嫌疑人韩某国等5人已被依法采取刑事强制措施,2人刑拘在逃。案件还在进一步的深挖之中。
At present, five suspects, including one Korean, have been subjected to criminal coercive measures in accordance with the law, and two are at large.
2019年9月6日,经过4个多月的艰苦调查取证,莆田市公安局秀屿分局网安大队民警成功抓获涉嫌非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪的犯罪嫌疑人许某航,同日,许某航被公安机关执行刑事拘留,2020年2月20日,被秀屿检察机关依法提起公诉。
On 6 September 2019, after more than four months of hard investigation and forensic evidence, the police officers of the Su-Nang Division of the Public Security Bureau of the city of Kyota successfully captured Xu Xuan, a suspect suspected of illegal access to computer information system data. On the same day, Xu Xiao was held in criminal detention by the public security authorities. On 20 February 2020, he was prosecuted by the public prosecutor's office in accordance with the law.
案发后,同案犯许某宾畏罪潜逃,今年3月31日,许某宾迫于压力,主动向秀屿警方投案自首。至此,我省首例涉虚拟货币的非法获取计算机信息系统数据案全案告破。
After the murder, the co-conspirator, Xu, escaped, and on 31 March this year, Xu, under pressure, voluntarily turned himself in to Su-jung police. My first case concerns illegal access to computer information systems data from virtual currency.
据办案民警介绍,去年3月,许某航(27岁,高中文化,无业)在微信获取了某虚拟货币交易平台的下载链接,并用自己的身份信息在该数字货币交易平台上注册账户。
According to the CIVPOL, in March last year, XuXuan (age 27, high school culture, unemployed) acquired a download link to a virtual currency trading platform in micromail and registered an account on the digital currency trading platform with his own identity information.
在交易过程中,许某航利用技术漏洞,采取特殊手段,非法套取该平台大量的USDT(USDT又称泰达币,是交易平台一种将加密货币与法定货币美元挂钩的虚拟货币,一个USDT等价1美元,是一种保存在外汇储备账户、获得法定货币支持的虚拟货币)。
During the course of the transaction, Xu made use of a technical gap and used special means to illegally exploit the platform's large amount of USDT (also known as Titan, a virtual currency of the trading platform that pegs an encrypted currency to a legal currency in United States dollars, a USDT equivalent of US$ 1 and a virtual currency that is kept in foreign exchange reserve accounts and is supported by a legal currency).
为了获得更大利益,许某航开始在网上购买他人身份信息,不断注册账户来实现非法套取USDT,同时,他将这一手段告知其叔叔许某宾。
In order to obtain greater benefits, a ship began to buy information about the identity of others online, continuously registered an account to obtain unlawful access to USDT, and he informed his uncle of this means to a guest.
在利益的驱使下,俩人一拍即合,约定使用许某宾身份注册账户,进入该平台继续非法套取USDT,获利俩人均摊。许某航多次进入该平台共非法获取11万余个USDT。许某航把到手的USDT用于非法卖出交易,从中获利26万余元人民币,许某宾从中非法获利8万余元。
Motivated by the benefits, the two parties agreed to use the registration account for the identity of a guest, and to enter the platform and continue illegally to exploit the USDT. Xu has entered the platform several times to obtain more than 110,000 USDTs illegally. Xu has used the USDT in its possession to sell the transaction illegally, from which it has earned more than RMB 260,000, and some guests have earned more than RMB 80,000 illegally.
面对此类新型网络犯罪,民警在没有成功判例的情况下,啃下硬骨头,加班加点,查阅大量资料、研究虚拟货币交易系统,进行了紧锣密鼓的网络数据取证,最终将案犯绳之以法。
Faced with such new forms of cybercrime, the civilian police, in the absence of successful jurisprudence, eat hard bones, work overtime, access a great deal of information, study virtual currency trading systems, conduct intensive cyberdata forensics and eventually bring perpetrators to justice.
2018年7月,聂某经人介绍认识秦某,得知秦某购买国外的“狮子币”进行投资理财赚取不少收入。于是,聂某委托秦某帮其购买“狮子币”进行理财,并通过手机银行向秦某转账25346.1元。
In July 2018, Nie was introduced to Qin, where he learned that Qin had made a lot of money to invest in Qin's “coin coins” abroad.
2018年10月8日,聂某在秦某的帮助下在“狮子链”钱包上注册个人账户,秦某登录聂某的账户为其购买2000个狮子币。
On 8 October 2018, Niang, with the help of Qin, registered a personal account on the wallet of the Lion Chain, for which he purchased 2,000 lion's coins.
同年10月13日,狮子币的市场价值贬值导致投资款化为乌有,双方为此发生争执。随后“狮子链钱包”被强制关闭。为此,聂某诉至法院要求秦某返还25346.1元本金。
On 13 October of the same year, a dispute arose between the two sides over the devaluation of the market value of the lion's coin. The Lion Chain Wallet was then forcibly closed.
张某是西安某大学的在校女大学生,在一次偶然相遇后,与校友李某互生爱慕,进而发展为男女朋友关系。去年11月,张某发现李某有在网上进行投资的习惯,且收益较为可观,心生羡慕。
Zhang was a college student at Xian University, who, after an accident, became fond of each other and became a friend to each other. Last November, Zhang found out that Li had a habit of investing in the Internet, and that the benefits were considerable and enviable.
随后,李某指导张某在网上一个数字货币投资平台上注册了账号并在李某操作下,用1万元为张某购买了9888个DC币,后用DC币为张某置换了比特币。今年2月2日,张某再次根据男友的示意,支付了2万余元购买DC币。
Subsequently, one of Li's mentors, Zhang, registered an account on an online digital money investment platform and, under Li's operation, purchased 9888 DC dollars for one and then replaced it with one. On February 2, Zhang, again, paid more than $20,000 to buy DC dollars, according to his boyfriend's instructions.
3月,张某发现自己账户中没有上述两次的交易记录,找到男友询问。李某表示,他确实已经替张某购买了DC币,至于为什么不存在交易记录,他并不知情。两人为此争执不休,就此分道扬镳。
In March, Zhang found out that he had no record of the two transactions in his account, and found out about his boyfriend. Li said that he had purchased the DC currency for him, and that he did not know why there was no record of the transaction.
今年6月6日,张某起诉至法院,要求李某赔偿其3万元,并支付利息。
On 6 June this year, Zhang went to the court to demand that Li compensate him in the amount of $30,000 and pay interest.
赵某通过朋友郑某的介绍投资“蒂克币”和“DK矿机”,并承诺3个月还本。出于对郑某的信任,赵某向被告支付了108万元,委托被告购买“蒂克币”和“DK矿机”,并处理相关理财事宜。
Zhao, through his friends, has invested in the “Ticco” and “DK” machines, and has promised to pay them back for three months.
郑某仅向赵某支付了44046元的“收益”后,便告知其所有的投资款化为乌有。赵某以委托合同纠纷为由向福田区人民法院提起诉讼,请求解除委托合同并要求被告郑某返还委托理财款。
After paying Zhao only $44046 in “revenues” he is informed that all his investments have been destroyed.
去年3月份,州男子金某在买卖虚拟货币过程中遭受损失后,将北京火币天下网络技术有限公司(以下简称:徐火币公司)告上法院,请求法院判令火币公司赔偿其损失的12万余枚“泰达币”,约合人民币80万余元,并称火币公司已赔偿第一次侵权的部分损失25278枚“泰达币”。
In March last year, after a loss sustained in the course of buying and selling the virtual currency, the state male Kim Kim went to the court to sue the Beijing Firebill Network Technology Ltd. (hereinafter: Xu Co.) and requested the court to order the company to compensate it for the loss of more than 120,000 “Tedaco” and approximately 800,000 yuan, and to claim that the company had compensated the first tort portion of the loss of 25278 “Tedaco”.
2017年12月,赵某忠通过邬某渔的介绍投资“RSK项目”。赵某忠先后通过比特币交易平台将17.8355个比特币汇入庄某霞、庄某升控制的虚拟地址用于购买RSK代币。
In December 2017, Zhao Hsing invested in the RSK project through an introduction to a fishing fishery. Zhao Hsing transferred 17,8355 bitcoins to a virtual location controlled by one of the banks in the capital, via the Bitcoin trading platform, for the purchase of RSK tokens.
之后,“RSK项目”崩盘跑路。赵某忠发现被骗后,以委托合同纠纷为由,将邬某渔告上天台县人民法院,请求法院责令邬某渔退还17.8355个比特币或636531.1595元。
After finding out that Cho was being deceived, he sued the People's Court of Tiantai County for fishing on the grounds of a contract dispute and asked the court to order the return of 17,8355 bitcoins or 636531.1595 dollars for fishing.
2018年6月,姚某根据“球迷联盟”网站发布广告指引,通过购买以太币的形式参与被告在境外Xbrick.io的网站上的Octopaul(章鱼宝)项目的OPC虚拟货币的公售活动。姚某随后以3500元的均价购买了25个以太币,并使用了其中的22.2175个以太币参与了Octopaul的数字代币OPC的“首轮公售”。
In June 2018, Yao Ho, in accordance with an advertising guide published on the “Union of Fans” website, used the sale of the Octopaul (octopaul) virtual currency of the defendant’s Xbrick. Yao Octopaul (octopus treasure) project abroad in the form of the purchase of tets. Yao subsequently purchased 25 tats at an average price of $3,500 and used 22.2175 of them as the “first round” of the Octopaul digital currency of OPC.
2019年4月18日,姚某发现已经无法正常登陆“球迷联盟”网站,在感受到被欺诈后,将北京球迷联盟科技有限公司告上石景山区法院,请求该公司返还本金。
On 18 April 2019, Yao Yi found that it was no longer possible to get regular access to the “Alliance of Fans” website and, after feeling that it had been defrauded, sued the Beijing Alliance of Fans Technology Ltd. to the Mountain Court of Ishigage, requesting the company to return the principal.
2014年6月至2014年9月16日期间,陈某莲因投资IPC国际集团的“马币”与余某枝存在资金往来,并多次向余某枝的银行账号累计转款19万余元。之后,IPC国际集团网站关闭。
During the period from June 2014 to 16 September 2014, Chen Tailian's investment in the IPC International Group's “Marill” had an exchange of funds with one of the remaining branches and had transferred cumulatively over $190,000 to one of the remaining branches' bank accounts. The IPC International Group website was closed.
2019年7月,陈某莲以委托合同纠纷为由向闽清县人民法院提起诉讼,请求余某枝返还本金及支付资金占用期间利息。
In July 2019, Chen Tailian filed an action with the People's Court of the Central District for the return of the principal and payment of interest during the occupation of the funds on the grounds of the dispute over the trust contract.
数字货币的发展得益于区块链技术的进步,但区块链技术其本质上只是一项技术,并不能直接等同于所谓的“数字货币”。
The development of digital currencies has benefited from advances in block chain technology, but block chain technology is essentially a technology and cannot be directly equated with the so-called “digital currency”.
2月21日,由中国人民银行数字货币研究所区块链课题组在《中国金融》杂志发布的《区块链技术的发展与管理》一文中指出,区块链是一种新型的分布式数据库,也称为分布式账本。区块链技术利用块链式结构验证与存储数据,采用共识算法生成和更新数据,借助密码学保证数据和权属安全,并通过可编程脚本代码实现数据的协同计算。
On 21 February, the Block Chain Group of the Digital Monetary Research Institute of the People’s Bank of China, in its publication Development and Management of Block Chain Technologies, published in the journal China Finance, stated that block chains are a new distributed database, also known as Distributed Accounts. The block chain technology uses block chain structures to validate and store data, uses consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to secure data and tenures, and achieves a coordinated calculation of data through programmable script codes.
2月24日,中国人民银行正式发布《金融分布式账本技术安全规范》(JR/T
0184—2020)金融行业标准。尽管未用到“区块链”的字样,但本质上其已经是金融行业首个关于区块链的标准。
On February 24, the People's Bank of China officially issued the Financial Sector Safety Standard for Financial Distributed Books (JR/T 0184-2020). Although the word “block chain” has not been used, it is in essence the first standard on block chains in the financial sector.
习近平总书记强调“把区块链作为核心技术自主创新重要突破口”,为我国数字经济发展和产业创新实践提出了新的要求。《中国金融业信息技术“十三五”发展规划》(银发〔2017〕140号)和《金融科技(FinTech)发展规划(2019-2021)年》中都明确表示了要不断发展区块链、分布式数据库等金融科技技术创新。
The Secretary-General of Xi’s emphasis on “block chains as an important entry point for core autonomous technological innovation” has created new requirements for our digital economic development and industrial innovation practices. The development plan for “13th Five” of China’s financial sector information technology (Silver Wave No. 140) and the development plan for FinTech (2019-2021) clearly state the need to continue to develop financial technological innovations, such as block chains and distributed databases.
《区块链技术的发展与管理》一文还提到,为了引导区块链产业健康有序发展,要去伪存真,“币”和“链”不能混为一谈。虽然区块链发端于比特币,但区块链并不等同于比特币。区块链是密码学、对等网络、共识机制等多种传统技术的集成创新,要客观理性对待。
The article “Development and management of block chain technology” also mentions that, in order to guide the healthy and orderly development of block chain industries, the “currency” and “chain” cannot be confused. While the block chain originates in bitcoin, the block chain does not amount to bitcoin. The block chain is an integrated innovation of a variety of traditional technologies, such as cryptology, peer-to-peer networks, consensus mechanisms, etc., and should be treated objectively and rationally.
因此打着区块链的名号发行虚拟货币甚至诈骗,拿来国外的代码抄抄包装一下,对真正的区块链技术推动毫无意义,反而由于劣币驱逐良币使得真正的区块链创业者被动背锅。区块链绝不等于虚拟币,如今监管一方面在整顿虚拟货币的同时,另一方面也希望能够真正帮助和推动区块链技术研发,推出更多的应用场景,造福全民。
As a result, virtual currency is issued in the name of the block chain, even fraudulently, and is used to copy and package it abroad, making no sense to the true block chain technology. Instead, a genuine block chain entrepreneur is passively caught up with the banishment of cheap currency.
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