最高人民法院关于加强区块链司法应用的意见

　最高人民法院

　　关于加强区块链司法应用的意见

　　为深入贯彻落实习近平法治思想和习近平总书记关于积极推动区块链技术为人民群众提供更加智能、更加便捷、更加优质公共服务的重要指示精神，贯彻落实《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》和《“十四五”国家信息化规划》，充分发挥区块链在促进司法公信、服务社会治理、防范化解风险、推动高质量发展等方面的作用，全面深化智慧法院建设，推进审判体系和审判能力现代化，结合人民法院工作实际，制定本意见。

> to further the implementation of Xi's philosophy of the rule of law and Xi's General Secretary's instructions on the active promotion of block-chain technology for the provision of more intelligent, accessible and quality public services to the population, to implement the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of Vision 2035 and the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Informatization, to fully realize the role of district chains in promoting public trust in justice, social governance of services, risk prevention, promotion of quality development, etc., to further the construction of intelligent courts, to promote the modernization of the trial system and trial capacity, and to develop the present opinion in the context of the people's courts's practical work. /span > /span > > > > /span > >

　　一、 总体要求

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　　（一） 指导思想。以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，深入贯彻习近平法治思想和习近平总书记关于网络强国的重要思想，紧紧围绕“努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义”的目标，坚持服务大局、司法为民、公正司法，大力推动区块链技术与多元解纷、诉讼服务、审判执行和司法管理工作深度融合，积极应用区块链平台服务社会治理、优化营商环境、加强诚信体系建设、防范化解重大风险、支持构建新发展格局，努力创造更高水平的数字正义。

(i) Guiding ideas. Guided by the socialist philosophy of the Chinese identity of the Xi Jinping era, the important idea of Xi's rule of law and Xi's protagonist state is advanced. > >

　　（二） 总体目标。到2025年，建成人民法院与社会各行各业互通共享的区块链联盟，形成较为完备的区块链司法领域应用标准体系,数据核验、可信操作、智能合约、跨链协同等基础支持能力大幅提升；区块链在多元解纷、诉讼服务、审判执行和司法管理工作中得到全面应用，有效促进司法公信，提升司法效率，强化廉洁司法；司法区块链跨链联盟融入经济社会运行体系，实现与政法、工商、金融、环保、征信等多个领域跨链信息共享和协同，主动服务营商环境优化、经济社会治理、风险防范化解和产业创新发展，助力平安中国、法治中国、数字中国和诚信中国建设，形成中国特色、世界领先的区块链司法领域应用模式，为新时代我国经济社会数字化转型和高质量发展提供坚强有力的司法服务和保障。

(ii) overall objective. By 2025, the People's Court and all sectors of society will be integrated into the economic and social functioning system, leading to a more complete system of standards in the area of justice applied across the chains, such as data validation, credible operations, smart contracts, cross-linkages, etc., with a significant increase in basic support capabilities; and the efficient application of regional chains in the areas of diversity, litigation, trial enforcement and administration of justice, effective promotion of public trust in the administration of justice, enhancement of the efficiency of the judiciary, enhancement of the integrity of the judiciary, integration of the judicial chain into the system of economic operations, integration of information-sharing and synergy with a number of areas such as regional law, business, finance, environmental protection, communications, etc.

　　（三） 基本原则

span style="color: rgb (47, 47); >(iii) Basic principles

　　坚持依法统筹、注重协同联动。依法依规加强区块链基础设施统筹规划，面向经济社会发展和审判执行工作需要，开展区块链司法领域应用顶层设计，加强与各行各业跨链协同应用模式研究，促进多方数据共享和协同应用。

> > to strengthen integrated and coordinated planning of block infrastructure in accordance with the law, to address the needs of economic and social development and the administration of justice, to implement high-level design in the area of block-chain justice, to strengthen research on the application of the model for multi-stakeholder data sharing and synergistic application across industries.

　　坚持开放共享、注重标准先行。建设与社会各行各业互通共享的区块链联盟，形成共性基础技术支持能力，建立统一、开放的区块链司法领域应用技术标准体系，为跨部门节点接入、跨行业数据共同维护和利用提供规范化服务。

> > maintains open sharing and focussing on standard vanguards. > /span > /span'span < /span > >, building alliances of blocks that are shared with all sectors of society, forming a common foundational technical support capacity, establishing a unified, open system of technical standards for the application of the judicial field of block chains, providing normative services for cross-sectoral nodes access, joint maintenance and use of cross-industry data.

　　坚持应用牵引、注重创新发展。以司法为民、公正司法和服务社会治理为牵引，充分发挥区块链在优化业务流程、提升协同效率、建设可信体系等方面的作用，持续推进区块链在司法领域深度应用，不断提高跨领域自动执行能力。

to insist on the use of traction and focus on innovative development.

　　坚持安全可靠、注重有序推进。以安全可信为前提，着力提升上链数据和智能合约的准确可控水平，确保数据安全，保护个人信息，推动形成区块链在司法领域稳中求进、有序发展、安全可靠的应用生态。

　　二、 人民法院区块链平台建设要求

> 　　（四） 加强区块链应用顶层设计。遵照法律规范要求，按照内外部高效协同的总体思想，针对法院业务应用和服务社会治理协同应用需求，系统开展区块链在司法领域应用的场景设计。针对内、外网协同应用需求，形成全国统一、支持跨网系、跨链协同司法应用的区块链总体建设方案。

(iv) Strengthen the application of top-level design of block chains. The systematic design of scenes for the application of block chains in the field of justice, in line with the general idea of efficient and coordinated internal and external application of court operations and social governance, in accordance with legal norms.

　　（五） 持续推进跨链协同应用能力建设。针对主动服务经济社会治理和司法业务应用场景，构建基于分布式标识、互联互通、跨链互信的区块链联盟基础设施，有效整合执行区块链已有建设成果，充分发挥联盟链技术特点，加强司法区块链平台与各行业区块链平台跨链联盟建设，持续提升协同能力。

(v) Continuous promotion of capacity-building for cross-chain applications. continuous enhancement of synergetic capacity for applications of active social governance and justice operations.

　　（六） 提升司法区块链技术能力。联合优势力量，开展关键技术攻关，打造开放共享的全国法院司法区块链平台，提高数据核验、可信操作、智能合约、跨链协同等基础技术能力，支持各级人民法院基于司法链平台开展业务创新应用。

(vi) Upgrading technical capacity in the judicial block chain.

　　（七） 建设互联网司法区块链验证平台。基于全国司法区块链平台数据，在互联网端建设司法区块链验证平台，支持当事人等相关主体对调解数据、电子证据、诉讼文书等司法数据进行真伪核验。

(vii) Construction of an Internet Judicial Block Chain Validation Platform.

　　（八） 建立健全标准规范体系。建立健全区块链在司法领域应用的技术标准和管理规范，为与相关领域区块链平台和节点接入互通、共享协同提供技术指引和标准接口支持。

(viii) Establishment of a sound normative system of standards. Establishment of technical standards and regulatory norms for the application of a sound block chain in the administration of justice and provision of technical guidance and standard interface support for the exchange of access and sharing of synergies with sector chain platforms and nodes in relevant fields.

　　三、 充分运用区块链数据防篡改技术，进一步提升司法公信力

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　　（九） 保障司法数据安全。推进人民法院电子卷宗、电子档案、司法统计报表、案件结案状态等司法数据上链存储，确保司法数据防篡改，提升数据安全水平。

(ix) to guarantee the security of judicial data. to enhance the security of judicial data by promoting the storage of electronic files, electronic archives, judicial statistical reports, case closure status, etc. on the chain of judicial data to ensure the security of judicial data against tampering.

　　（十） 保障电子证据可信。健全完善区块链平台证据核验功能，支持当事人和法官在线核验通过区块链存储的电子证据，推动完善区块链存证的标准和规则，提升电子证据认定的效率和质量。

(x) to guarantee the credibility of electronic evidence. > > > > > > (x) To improve the evidentiary verification function of block-chain platforms, to support parties and judges in the online verification of electronic evidence stored through block chains, to promote improved standards and rules for the storage of block-links and to enhance the efficiency and quality of electronic evidence identification.

　　（十一） 保障执行操作合规。推动执行案件信息、当事人信息、组织机构信息、执行通知、财产查控、财产处置、案款收发、信用惩戒、执法取证、执行互动、案件报结、卷宗归档等数据和操作上链存证，常态化开展执行全业务流程操作安全审计，进一步规范执行操作行为，探索开展执行查控等敏感操作在线闭环验证，确保可靠无误。

(xi) safeguards for operational compliance. Promotion of enforcement case information, party information, organizational information, enforcement notice, property control, property disposal, receipt and disbursement of funds, credit discipline, law enforcement evidence, executive interaction, case closure, file filing, etc., and operational chain documentation, regularization of all business process operational safety audits, further regulation of operational conduct, exploration of enforcement sensitive operations such as control online closed loop verification, ensuring accuracy.

　　（十二） 保障司法文书权威。推动人民法院送达的诉讼文书和送达回执在司法区块链平台统一存储，支持在互联网端查验送达文书，保证送达全流程安全可靠，维护司法权威。

(xii) > > > > > > > > safeguards the authority of judicial documents. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

　　四、 充分发挥区块链优化业务流程的重要作用，不断提高司法效率

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　　（十三） 支持立案信息流转应用。建立立案登记材料分级分类自动流转业务规则，支持在材料提交限定期满后案件实现分级分类自动立案，巩固立案登记制改革成果，提高立案效率。

(xiii) Supports case-opening information flow application. Establish rules for the automatic streaming of record-keeping material, supporting the automatic classification of cases after the deadline for submission, consolidating the results of the reform of the filing system and improving the efficiency of case-opening. /span

　　（十四） 支持调解与审判流程衔接应用。建立调解协议不履行自动触发审判立案、执行立案等业务规则和智能合约程序，增强调解程序司法权威，支持多元纠纷化解。

(xiv) Support mediation and trial process bridging applications. Establishment of mediation agreements that do not comply with operational rules and intelligent contractual procedures such as automatically triggering the opening of a trial, the implementation of a case, strengthening the judicial authority of the mediation process and supporting the resolution of multiple disputes.

　　（十五） 支持审判与执行流程衔接联动。全面推进审判与执行办案系统信息互通和数据共享，探索建立裁判文书不履行自动触发执行立案等业务规则和联动机制，优化审执衔接，畅通信息流转，减少重复工作，支持切实破解执行难。

(xv) Support for trial-execution process bridging communication and data sharing.

　　（十六） 支持提升执行效率。探索建立符合条件的执行案件自动发起查询、冻结、扣划以及执行案款自动发放智能合约机制，在确保程序合规的前提下简化审批环节；建立对统查财产线索足额终本案件、对不履行义务的执行和解案件，无需单独提起立案流程即可自动立案恢复执行的智能合约机制。

(xvi) to support increased efficiency of implementation. Explore the establishment of mechanisms for automatically initiating queries, freezing, withholding and executing cases for the automatic release of smart contracts that ensure procedural compliance; establish smart contractual mechanisms for the automatic reopening of enforcement without the need to initiate separate filing processes for full-time asset trails and for the resumption of non-performance cases.

　　（十七） 支持执行干警便捷办案。运用区块链技术推动网络查控、评估拍卖、案款收发、失信限消、事项委托、电子卷宗随案生成等向移动端延伸，形成去中心化、去网系化、去系统化的数据串联，方便执行干警随时随地办理执行事务。

　　五、 充分挖掘区块链互通联动的巨大潜力，增强司法协同能力

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　　（十八） 提高律师资质验证协同能力。针对律师资质验证需求，构建人民法院与司法行政部门跨链协同应用，支持实现参与诉讼活动的律师资质、信用报告在线查询及核验，提高核验实时性。

(xviii) Improve the ability of lawyers to certify synergies. improves the real-time validation of lawyers' qualifications.

　　（十九） 提高政法部门案件协同办理能力。针对减刑假释、刑事、民商事等案件跨部门协同办理和公民身份认证等需求，构建人民法院与检察、公安、司法行政等部门的跨链协同应用，提高案件在线流转效率和数据互信水平。

(xix) > > > > > > > > > Improved co-processing of cases in the political sector. > /span > /span > > > >

　　（二十） 提高跨部门协同执行能力。针对被执行人财产查控、失信被执行人联合惩戒等需求，构建人民法院与行政执法、不动产登记、金融证券保险机构、联合信用惩戒等单位的跨链协同应用，建立自动化执行查控和信用惩戒模式，提高协同执行工作效率。

(xx) > > > > > > > > > > > to improve the efficiency of coordinated implementation across sectors. > > > >, in response to the needs of executors for property inspection, joint disciplinary action by those who have lost faith, and to build cross-link applications between people's courts and administrative law enforcement, real estate registration, financial securities insurance institutions, joint credit discipline, etc. < < /span > > > > > > > > >

　　六、 充分利用区块链联盟互认可信的价值属性，服务经济社会治理

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　　（二十一） 保护知识产权。构建与版权、商标、专利等知识产权区块链平台的跨链协同机制，支持对知识产权的权属、登记、转让等信息的查询核验，为知识产权案件的证据认定等提供便利，更好地服务国家创新驱动战略实施。

(xxi) Protection of intellectual property rights.

　　（二十二） 支持营商环境优化。构建与市场监管、产权登记和交易平台等区块链平台的跨链协同应用机制，支持对企业基本信息、企业股权变动、企业间关联关系、不动产和动产权属状况、融资租赁、贵金属交易等权属登记和交易状况信息的查询核验，为权属认定和产权交易提供便利，促进基于数据与信用的分级分类监管体系建设，更好地服务国家营商环境建设。

(xxii) Supports business environment optimization. Builds a mechanism for inter-linkages with market regulation, property registration and trading platforms. Supports the search and verification of information on the status of tenure registrations and transactions such as business fundamentals, business equity changes, inter-firm linkages, real and movable property tenure status, financial leases, precious metal transactions, etc. to facilitate tenure recognition and trading, to promote the construction of a hierarchy of classification based on data and credit, and to better serve the national business environment.

　　（二十三） 支持数据开发利用。构建与数据权属、数据交易等区块链平台的跨链协同应用机制，支持对数据确权、数据交易等过程信息的查询核验和智能合约处置，助力数据要素市场构建和数据价值释放，更好地服务国家大数据战略实施。

(xxiii) support data development and utilization. >(xxiii) Supports cross-chain synergistic application mechanisms for the construction of sector-chain platforms such as data tenures, data transactions, etc., supporting access to data validation, data transactions, etc., verification and intelligent contract dispositions, contributing to market construction and data value release of data elements and better serving national data strategies.

　　（二十四） 支持金融信息流转应用。构建与金融机构区块链平台的跨链协同应用机制，支持对金融贷款合同、信用卡等审批、履行、违约过程信息的查询核验和智能合约处置，更好地服务金融风险防范化解。

(xxiv) Support for financial information flow applications. Support for the construction of a multi-chained application of a platform for block-linking with financial institutions to support the approval of financial loan contracts, credit cards, etc., compliance, reference verification of default process information and the disposition of smart contracts to better protect financial risk mitigation.

　　（二十五） 支持企业破产重组。构建与相关政府部门区块链平台的跨链协同应用机制，支持对债务人企业的经营信息和涉诉涉执行信息互通共享，支持债权申报信息在线验证质证，在保障全体债权人知情权和查阅权的同时，强化债权审核公开透明，并进一步确保网络债权人会议的表决效力，更好地服务市场主体救治和退出。

(xxv) Support for enterprise insolvency reorganization. >(xxv) Build a cross-chain application with relevant government sector block-chain platforms to support the sharing of business information and litigation-related enforcement information, support online certification of quality of claims declaration information, enhance public transparency of claims review while safeguarding the right of all creditors to information and access, and further ensure the voting effectiveness of online creditor meetings to better serve market agents'rescue and exit.

　　（二十六） 支持征信体系建设。构建与全国信用信息共享平台、国家企业信用信息公示系统和失信惩戒部门的跨链协同应用机制，支持对失信被执行人、限制高消费信息的查询核验和智能合约处置，确保失信信息可信产生、安全传播和合规使用，更好地发挥联合失信惩戒作用，助力健全以信用为基础的新型监管机制，服务社会信用体系建设。

(xxvi) to support the building of a letter system. > (xxvi) To build a multi-chained application with the national credit information-sharing platform, the national enterprise credit information publicity system and the untrusted correctional service, to support the implementation of lost faith, access to high-consumption information and the disposition of smart contracts, to ensure the credible generation, safe dissemination and use of untrusted information, to enhance the use of joint disinformation correction, to support the development of new credit-based regulatory mechanisms and to serve the social credit system.

　　七、 保障措施

> > > span style=" rgb (47, 47, 47); 　　（二十七） 加强组织领导。各级人民法院要高度重视区块链在司法领域的建设和应用，加强统筹协调，明确任务牵头部门负责区块链应用整体推进和管理。

　　（二十八） 建立协同机制。各级人民法院要统筹辖区区块链应用重点，联合其他政法单位、社会机构等力量强化协同工作机制，共同推进区块链在司法领域的应用。

(xxviii) Establish mechanisms for synergy. People's courts at all levels are to coordinate the application of the territorial block chain with a focus on other political and legal units, social institutions, etc., and strengthen the mechanisms for working together to promote the application of the block chain in the judicial field. /span > /span >

　　（二十九） 加大支持力度。各级人民法院要将区块链应用工作纳入智慧法院建设规划统筹组织实施，并与地方政府社会治理创新相结合，争取经费支持，加大推进力度。

(xxix) Increased support. People's courts at all levels are to incorporate the application of block chains into integrated planning organizations for the construction of smart courts and to combine them with innovations in local government social governance and seek financial support to scale up their efforts.

　　（三十） 注重应用示范。各级人民法院要面向服务经济社会发展和人民法院业务需求，选择较为成熟的应用场景开展典型应用示范，形成可复制、可推广的创新模式。

(XXX) Focus on application demonstration. People's courts at all levels are expected to focus on serving the needs of economic and social development and the operational needs of people's courts by selecting more mature applications to demonstrate typical applications and to develop replicable and replicable innovative models.

　　（三十一） 确保安全可靠。各级人民法院要健全事前审核和测试评估机制，确保上链数据真实性、准确性、合规性以及链上链下数据一致性，确保智能合约的合法性、有效性、安全性和可靠性。

span style="color: rgb (47, 47, 47); > (XXXI) To ensure safety and reliability. People's courts at all levels need to develop ex-ante review and test evaluation mechanisms to ensure the authenticity, accuracy, compliance and consistency of data in the upper chain and ensure the legitimacy, validity, security and reliability of intelligent contracts. /span>

　　（三十二） 积极宣传引导。各级人民法院要加强成功案例宣传推介，面向法院干警开展区块链技术应用培训，全面提升区块链在司法领域的应用成效。

(XXXII) Active advocacy and guidance. People's courts at all levels will enhance the dissemination of successful cases, provide training in the technical application of block chains to the principals of the courts, and improve the overall effectiveness of the block chain in the administration of justice.

　　最高人民法院

　　2022年5月23日