12月5日，中國人民銀行等五部委聯合印發了《中國人民銀行、工業和信息化部、中國銀行業監督管理委員會、中國証券監督管理委員會、中國保險監督管理委員會關於防范比特幣風險的通知》（以下簡稱通知）。通知明確規定，比特幣是一種虛擬商品，而非貨幣，金融機構和支付機構不得涉及比特幣業務。
On December 5th, the People's Bank of China and five other ministries co-authored a notice (simple notice below) from the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of Industry and Informatics, the Supervisory Board of the Bank of China, the Securities Supervisory Board of China and the Insurance Supervisory Board of China on protection against the risks of the Bitcoins. The notice clearly stipulates that the Bitcoins are a virtual commodity, not a currency, and that financial and payment institutions should not be involved in the Bitcoins business.
受到這個通知的影響，比特幣在國內的交易價格大幅下跌。比特幣中國是世界上最大的比特幣交易平台，其交易數據顯示，當日16時左右，比特幣交易價格從7000元以上開始下跌，不到一小時，跌至4500元左右，跌幅達到35%。不過，此后大量交易者抄底，比特幣價格逐漸回升，至5日24時，其價格已經接近6000元人民幣。
As a result of this notice, the price of Bitcoins fell sharply within the country. BitcoinsChina is the world’s largest Bitcoin trading platform, and its trade data show that at about 1600 hours on that day, Bitcoin prices began to fall from more than $7,000 to about $4,500 in less than an hour, reaching 35%.
5日稍晚，法國央行也發布相關信息，警示比特幣可能難以變現，同時缺乏實體經濟支撐。而在此前一天，荷蘭央行也發布相關的警示消息，泰國早已全面叫停境內比特幣交易。不過，今年8月，德國承認了比特幣的合法記賬地位，可用於繳納稅金，而在美國參議院聽証會上，比特幣得到了美聯儲主席伯南克的支持。
Later this year, however, Germany recognized the legal status of the bitcoin, which could be used to pay taxes, while at the Senate hearing, the bitcoins were supported by US Federal Reserve President Bernanke.
受到各國金融機構密切關注的比特幣，是一種誕生於2009年的無形虛擬貨幣，本質上是一串代碼，可由各個計算機運算產生，根據設計者中本聰的思想，其總量會在2140年達到上限2100萬個。它沒有集中發行方、缺少責任主體的特點，既成為其特性，也是一些研究者詬病之處。
The bitcoin, which has received close attention from various national financial institutions, is a virtual currency born in 2009 and is essentially a set of coded codes that can be generated by individual calculators, which, according to the thinking of the designers, will reach a maximum of 21 million in 2140. It has no centralized distributors and lacks the characteristics of the responsible owner, and it is both its identity and the disease of some researchers.
盡管比特幣前景難料，各國政府表態不一，但這絲毫未減弱國內交易者的追棒熱情。
Despite the unexpected outlook for the bitcoins and the diversity of government pronouncements, this has not diminished the enthusiasm of the country’s traders.
在交易界，一直流傳的一句俗語或可解釋交易者對這種虛擬貨幣的價值判斷：比特金、萊特銀。不言而喻，這是說，比特幣和晚兩年誕生萊特幣的價值堪比黃金、白銀。從一串代碼到堪比金銀的轉變期間，也曾發生過比特幣與咖啡、披薩等實體商品的置換。
In the trading world, a saying that has been circulating may explain the trader’s determination of the value of this virtual currency: Bitkin, Leather. It goes without saying that the value of the bitcoins and the two-year-old Leatt coins is comparable to that of gold and silver. There have also been trade-offs of tangible goods such as bitcoins and coffee and pizza during the transition from a code to comparable silver.
用比特幣換購一杯咖啡
大部分人認為，在中國第一次用比特幣置換得到的商品是咖啡，事情發生在今年4月的車庫咖啡館。 Most people believe that the goods obtained in China for the first time in bitcoin were coffee, which happened at the garage café in April this year.
這家咖啡館位於北京市海澱區中關村一家賓館二樓，可容納200多人，毗鄰騰訊控股有限公司等互聯網服務提供商。12月4日下午5時左右，筆者走進這家咖啡館，發現上座率在60%以上，客人多是3、5人一桌，面前的筆記本上滾動著各類分析圖表。服務員介紹說：“他們都是些IT人士。” The café is located on the second floor of a hotel in the central village of Haijang, Beijing, which accommodates more than 200 Internet service providers, such as neighboring information and control companies. At about 5 p.m. on December 4, I walked into the café and found that the number of guests was over 60 per cent, with three or five people at the table, and the notebooks in front of me were rolling tables of various kinds of analysis. The waiter introduced: "They're all IT people."
這家咖啡館位置偏僻。從旁邊一座大廈走出的一位女士說：“聽說過（車庫咖啡），還真不知道在哪兒。”不過最近處於輿論中心的比特幣將它推到了風口浪尖——據稱，正是在這裡進行了第一次比特幣與非虛擬商品之間的非網絡交易。在這裡，美國留學生杰克通過0.012個比特幣購買了一杯市價22元的咖啡。 This café is remote. A lady who came out of a building next door says, "Heard of it, it's not really there." Recently, the Bitcoin at the Center of Debate pushed it to the tip of the wind -- it is here that the first non-networked trade between bitcoins and non-virtual goods is said to have taken place. Here, Jack, an American student, bought a 22-dollar cup of coffee through 0.012 bitcoins.
正是這家咖啡館的網絡技術志願者趙東，促成了這筆比特幣購買咖啡的交易。趙東本人也是比特幣玩家，目前已經投入100萬人民幣。而他之前是“墨跡天氣”手機APP的聯合創始人兼CTO。 Zhao Dong, who himself is a Bitcoin player and has already invested 1 million yuan in it. He was the co-founder and CTO of Ink Weather's mobile phone APP.
趙東說，第一次注意到比特幣是在兩年之前，但真正想要交易則是在今年3月。“聽說有朋友炒比特幣賺了幾萬元”，於是，自己也投入了1、2萬元。“有些做外貿的朋友也在用比特幣，隻要交易雙方同意進行就可以了，它比美元跟人民幣之間進行轉換要方便很多，因此，我覺得前景很好。”趙東補充道。 Zhaodong said that the first time to notice that bitcoin was two years ago, but really wanted to be traded was in March of this year. “Heard of friends making tens of thousands of dollars on bitcoins,” so he invested more than 110,000 dollars. “Some friends in foreign trade are also using bitcoins, only if the deal is agreed, and it is much easier to trade between the dollar and the renminbi, so I think there is a good future.”
而另外一位股民，現在同時進行較大額度的比特幣和萊特幣交易，畢業於北京大學計算機專業，有一家網絡維護公司，平時上班就是上網，完全可以兼顧炒幣與工作。他說，之前交易比特幣的也多是計算機專業人士。 Another shareholder, now trading a larger amount of bitcoins and Leite coins, graduated from Beijing University's computer profession, with an Internet maintenance company that usually works online, and is able to combine coins and jobs. He said that most of the previously traded bitcoins were computer professionals.
被IT界和投資界人士看好的比特幣等，屬於虛擬貨幣。現在的虛擬貨幣種類，用一位業內投資人士的話來說，數量就是“數也數不清”。不過除比特幣之外的虛擬貨幣被業內人士統一稱為“山寨幣”，它們符合去中心化(指的是人人可以生產貨幣，沒有統一集中的貨幣發行方和監管方來供應並監管貨幣發行)、點對點交易的特點，利用分布於全網中的眾多節點組成的分布式數據庫來記錄交易信息，交易處於完全公開狀態。 The amount of virtual currency, in the words of an in-house investor, is “indeterminate.” But virtual currency, other than Bitcoins, is commonly called “false currency”, which is compatible with decentralization (which means that everyone can produce currency, that there is no single centralized issuer and regulator to supply and supervise currency issuances), that is, the point of point-to-point transactions, and that trades are in a state of complete publicity, using distributed databases distributed across the Internet.
留學美國的計算機專業劉博士解釋道：“比特幣的每筆交易產生后，全網的節點都會知道有多大的交易額從一個賬戶轉移到了另一個賬戶，從而使得交易不可否認，但是這個賬戶到底屬於誰，則無法獲知。從而既保証了交易轉賬信息的公開，又保証了交易者社會身份的私密。” Dr. Liu, a computer specialist in the United States of America, explained: “When every transaction in Bitcoins is generated, the entire net node will know how much of the transaction was transferred from one account to another, which makes the transaction undeniable, but who the account belongs to, is not known. It then guarantees both the public disclosure of the transaction's transfer information and the privacy of the dealer's social identity.”
“我只是玩玩，專業研究需要。”劉博士自己也在參與虛擬貨幣的交易，但是他不願稱其為投資。 "I'm just playing, professional research." Dr. Liu himself was involved in a virtual currency deal, but he didn't want to call it an investment.
“前期加入的玩家，一般是IT行業的，”一位資深玩家稱，“但是現在已經不乏為了賺個柴米錢的主婦了。” "The previous players, usually in the IT industry," a sophisticated player called, "but now there's no shortage of a housewife who earns money."
不過除私人買賣外，也有企業搭上了比特幣的大船，進行相關話題營銷。此前，中國電信江蘇分公司在預售一部高檔三星合約手機時，稱可以接受比特幣預定，消費者隻要支付0.1個比特幣即可預約手機禮包，並且在交易當日按照比特幣行情進行相應的現金抵扣。不過本月5日的官方通知出現后，記者登錄電信官網，發現網站已悄悄刪去了可以通過比特幣預定這一條規定。記者致電咨詢，該公司稱沒有消費者通過比特幣的方式進行預訂。 However, in addition to private purchases, there were companies on board a big Bitcoin boat for related marketing purposes. Before, China Telecom Jiangsu, when it ordered a high-quality three-star phone, claimed that it was acceptable to accept a Bitcoin reservation, that the user would have to pay just 0.1 bitcoins to make a mobile phone package, and that it would have made a cash credit on the day of the transaction in accordance with Bitcoin. However, following the official notice of 5th of this month, the reporter entered the Telecommunications Officer’s Network, and found that the website had been quietly removed from the protocol, which could be ordered by Bitcoin.
但不管曾經為何種職業，一旦加入交易，大家都希望最終結果是獲利而非虧損。 But no matter what kind of profession they used to do, once they joined the deal, everyone hoped that the end result would be profit, not loss.
虛擬貨幣前景難料 Virtual currency outlook > /strong >
人心向背決定價值幾何。這句話在虛擬貨幣的交易中，稱得上是至理名言。 The human heart determines the value of the money. This is a term of nobility in virtual currency transactions.
一家專門介紹虛擬貨幣的網站，根據虛擬貨幣的名稱首字母按照A-Z的順序進行了排列，種類數超過100。但是，業內人士稱這些還只是滄海一粟，仍有大量虛擬貨幣胎死腹中，除去比特幣之外的虛擬貨幣，被稱為山寨幣。而最終能像比特幣這樣身價堪比黃金的又是風毛麟角。 A website dedicated to the introduction of virtual currency, arranged according to the initials of the virtual currency in the order of A-Z, is more than a hundred. However, business people claim that these are just a handful, and that there are still a lot of virtual currency in the belly, other than bitcoins, that are called mountain coins.
除此之外，不排除虛擬貨幣種類繼續不間斷增加的可能性。劉博士說：“我也在想能否設計一種新的虛擬貨幣，只是目前想法還不成熟。”不過得到大眾認可，進而受到資金追捧並非易事。一位王姓玩家告訴記者，由於不清楚其他虛擬貨幣的原理，所以不敢貿然購買，現在只是參與了比特幣的交易。 Apart from that, it does not rule out the possibility that virtual currency types will continue to grow. Dr. Liu said, “I am also wondering whether I can devise a new virtual currency, which is not yet ripe.” But it is not easy to get public approval, and it is not easy to get paid for it. A king player tells reporters that, because he does not know the principles of other virtual currency, he is afraid to buy it, and he is only involved in a bitcoin deal.
這種虛擬貨幣的去中心化，在中央財經大學金融學院教授賈玉革看來，既是它的長處，也是其弱點。缺少發行主體，也就缺少了責任主體，不像法定貨幣由政府信譽擔保並受相關法律監管。法定貨幣一旦由於發行產生不良后果問題，由政府來承擔責任，這一點虛擬貨幣做不到。 The centralization of this virtual currency is both its strength and its weakness, according to Professor Jia Yuge at the Central University of Finance and Finance. The lack of an issuer is such that it lacks a responsible entity, unlike the statutory currency, which is guaranteed by the government and subject to the relevant legal supervision. If the issue of the negative consequences of the issuance is the government’s responsibility, this does not work.
一位業內專家認為，比特幣完全是虛擬的，價值大小隻與信心和預期有關。賈玉革更是指出，與其說從事這種貨幣交易的群體，屬於投資者，不如稱其為投機者。買股票的人會考察股票發行方的公司業績、發展潛力等，但是比特幣完全沒有這種實體支撐，隻依靠購買者的風險偏好心理和對其的上漲預期。 One industry expert argues that the bitcoins are pure fiction and value is related to confidence and expectations. Jattinger points out that the group that deals with the coins is an investor, rather than an investor. The stock buyers look at the corporate performance, potential for development, etc. of the stock distributors, but the bitcoins are completely unsupported, relying on the buyer’s risk preferences for psychology and upward prognosis.
不過，這些似乎並未影響公眾參與比特幣交易的熱情。比特幣中國的負責人之一凌亢說，他們網站注冊於2011年6月，今年9月底開始出現交易量的激增。目前注冊用戶還在大量增加，用戶的活躍度也非常高，具體數字不方便透露。 However, this does not seem to affect the public’s interest in trading bitcoins. One of the Chinese officials in Bitcoins said that their website was listed in June 2011 and that a surge in transactions began at the end of September this year.
“我們是世界上最大的比特幣交易平台，每天進行的比特幣交易數量在6—7萬個，由於沒有第三方機構來統計，因而比特幣的整個中國市場交易額到底有多大，誰也沒有非常准確的數字。”凌亢說，“目前來看，我們交易平台的交易量大約佔到整個中國市場的三分之一。” “We are the world's largest bitcoin trading platform, with daily bitcoin transactions amounting to 60,000 to 70,000, and because of the absence of a third-party structure, the size of Bitcoin's entire Chinese market trade is so large that no one has a very precise number.” Lim said, “To date, our trading platform accounts for about one third of the entire Chinese market.”
據比特幣玩家趙東說，他已經不再直接進行比特幣交易，而是進行投資、消費以及囤積。據介紹，他曾經用比特幣投資了一家做相關虛擬貨幣交易的網站，而目前，他會繼續探索如何應用比特幣。 According to Bitcoin player Zhaodong, he no longer directly deals in bitcoins, but invests, consumes, and hoards. It is reported that he used bitcoins to invest in a website for virtual currency transactions, and he will now continue to explore how to use bitcoins.
不過，通知中規定：“從性質上看，比特幣是一種特定的虛擬商品，不具有與貨幣等同的法律地位，不能且不應作為貨幣在市場上流通使用。”在業內人士看來，這一規定使得虛擬貨幣的流通不再可能，給其現實應用蒙上了陰影。 However, the circular states that “the bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity that does not have the same legal status as the currency and cannot and should not be used as a currency in the market.” In the eyes of the industry, this rule makes the circulation of the virtual currency no longer possible and casts a shadow on its practical applications.
賈玉革認為，將比特幣定性為虛擬商品而非貨幣是非常恰當的。首先，它的幣值起伏非常大，不適宜作為一種金融資產長期持有，不具備貨幣的基本要求。據調查，在交易者中，多數人都會在交易之后立即提現，而非長期持有。 In the first place, it is highly volatile and inappropriate to hold it as a financial asset for a long period of time, without the basic requirement of reserve currency. According to the survey, most of the traders raise it immediately after the transaction, rather than for a long period of time.
車庫咖啡館的服務人員說，“客人不是將比特幣付給我們咖啡館，而是給趙東先生。趙東會按照客人的消費金額支付給我們人民幣，否則沒辦法結算。”據介紹，車庫咖啡館一共進行了十幾筆相關交易，不過比特幣價格大漲之后，幾乎無人再用其進行支付。 The garage waiter said, “The guest did not pay the bitcoin to our coffee shop, but to Mr. Zhaodong. Zhaodong will pay us the yuan according to the customer’s charge, or it will not be possible to settle it.” The garage café was described as carrying out more than a dozen related transactions, but after the price of the bitcoin rose, hardly anyone used it to pay for it.
安全規范不容忽視 security rules must not be ignored
雖然一些資深玩家認為，通知已經承認了比特幣以及比特幣交易網站的合法性。不過，一些交易者對網站等交易平台的安全性以及服務質量，還是頗有微詞。尤其是一些小網站的資質受到參與交易者的廣泛質疑。 Although some deep-seated players believe that the circular has recognized the legitimacy of the Bitcoin and the Bitcoin trading sites, some traders still have little to say about the security and quality of services provided by trading platforms such as the website. In particular, some small websites are widely questioned by participants.
“今年7月，我們注冊成為公司，這樣就可以更加方便地招入更多員工，同時我們也從技術方面進行了一些改進，以期能夠提高用戶體驗和服務質量。”凌亢說，“但是黑客攻擊等，我們也是掌控不了的。有時交易量過大，交易速度，尤其是提現速度明顯降低，這也在所難免。” “In July of this year, we registered as a company, so that we could recruit more workers more easily, and in the meantime we made some technological improvements to improve user experience and quality of services.” And he said, “But hacker attacks and so forth, we can't control them. Sometimes, too many transactions, and so much faster transactions, especially when the speed is clearly lower, are inevitable.”
另外，在香港注冊的比特幣交易網站GBL負責人卷款逃走的案件，相關的3名嫌疑人已經被公安機關抓獲。這個案件被網友稱為“國內第一起大規模虛擬貨幣詐騙案”，大約共有500名受害者，損失或超2000萬元。但是案件的破獲並未減輕比特幣玩家對自己交易風險的擔憂。 In addition, in Hong Kong, three suspects have been arrested by public security agencies in connection with the escape of the currency trading website GBL. The case was described by the online community as “the first large-scale virtual currency fraud case in the country” involving about 500 victims, who lost or exceeded 20 million dollars. But the collapse of the case did not alleviate the concerns of the Bitcoat players about their trading risks.
比特幣等虛擬貨幣的交易者一旦遇到交易平台提現速度緩慢，焦躁和對網站的懷疑情緒就在交易圈裡蔓延。而4日一家域名為fxbtc.com的交易網站，一夜之間變身成某公安局網站。網站稱受到黑客攻擊，而網友懷疑其卷款逃走。筆者6日登錄，發現該網站仍然無法正常顯示。 Dealers with virtual currency, such as Bitcoins, are slow to move on to trading platforms, and their anxiety and suspicion of websites spread in the trading circles. On four days, a trading site called fxbtc.com became a public security bureau website overnight. The website claims to have been hit by hackers, while its users suspect that it has escaped.
通知規定：“依據《中華人民共和國電信條例》和《互聯網信息服務管理辦法》，提供比特幣登記、交易等服務的互聯網站應當在電信管理機構備案。”業內人士稱，這主要就是為了對比特幣的交易平台根據資質進行清理。 The circular states that “under the Chinese People's Republic of China Telecommunication Regulations and the Internet Information Service Management Scheme, Internet sites that provide services such as Bitcoin registration, transactions, etc. should be prepared in a telecommunications manager's structure.” According to industry sources, this is mainly to clean up the Bitcoins trading platform according to its resources.
而此前，據央視報道，記者就有關比特幣監管問題向工信部發函，工信部在書面回應中說道，將會提供比特幣登記、交易等服務網站，並依法實施備案管理，一旦發現比特幣交易網站存在違法、違規行為，將依法予以關閉。 Previously, according to the press, journalists had sent a letter to the Ministry of Trade and Communications on issues related to the custody of the Bitcoin, in which the Ministry replied that it would provide services such as Bitcoin login, transactions, etc., and that it would apply case management in accordance with the law, and that it would shut down the Bitcoin trading site if it was found to have been illegal or illegal.
作為世界上最大比特幣交易平台負責人之一的凌亢，也提醒說，玩家盡量選擇經過了備案的交易平台。未經備案的交易平台，即便未出現負責人卷款逃走這樣的事情，隻要被政府勒令下線之后，用戶的投資也難以收回。另外，用戶應盡量選擇公司賬戶是由第三方支付托管的交易平台。這種托管會在一定程度限制資金往來，不容易出現交易平台卷款逃走的事情，而有些不規范的交易平台使用的是個人銀行賬號，增加了犯罪的可能性。 As one of the world’s largest Bitcoins trading platform managers, it is also recalled that players try to select a transaction platform that has been prepared. Unprepared trading platforms, even if there are no cases where the responsible funds have escaped, are difficult to recover if the client’s investment is ordered off the line by the government. Moreover, users should make every effort to select a transaction platform where the company’s accounts are held by third parties.
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