新手最全攻略：以太坊简易指南

以太坊社区已经制定了一套流程以概述社区成员该如何向以太坊协议提出改进建议。这些流程包括提供进行讨论的公共论坛和鼓励社区参与开源，这对于以太坊区块链来说尤为重要，因为它是去中心化的区块链且依赖于全球分布的社区对其进行监督和改进。

The community has developed a set of processes to outline how community members can propose improvements to the agreement. These processes include providing a public forum for discussion and encouraging community participation in opening up, which is particularly important for the community chain, which is decentralised and dependent on global distribution to monitor and improve it.

提案可以与区块链遵循的核心规则相关 (比如何时达成共识)，也可以就以太坊核心构建部件提议一个标准化版本如非同质化代币或者钱包（下文会展开描述）。当用户利用以太坊的可组合性基于某些已标准化的规范来构建一个应用时，显而易见代码将按预期运行。

The proposal could relate to the core rules followed in the block chain (e.g. when consensus was reached), or a standardized version, such as non-homogenous tokens or wallets, could be proposed for building components in the Taiku core (described below). When users build an application based on some standardized norms, it is clear that the code will operate as expected.

以太坊注释请求（ERC）- ERC 是 EIP 的一种类别，具体来说，ERC 是描述“应用级别的标准和协定”的一种 EIP 。这类 EIP 值得在这提一提，因为它是以太坊上最重要且最具知名度的一些使用案例的合约标准的模板。开发者在以太坊上构建时可以使用这些合约标准以节约时间和精力，而不用从头开始。一些广为人知的 ERC 如下：

Request (ERC)-ERC is a category of EIPs, specifically ECPs that describe "Application Level Standards and Agreements". This type of EIP is worth mentioning here because it is a template for contract standards for some of the most important and well-known cases of use in the Taiku. Developers can use these contract criteria when they are built in the Taiku to save time and energy without starting from scratch. Some of the widely known ERCs are as follows:

ERC-20 - 这是同质化代币的一种代币标准。

ERC-20 - This is a monetic standard for homogenous tokens.

ERC-721 - 这是非同质化代币的一种代币标准。

ERC-721 - This is a monetic standard for non-homogenous tokens.

ERC-1155 - 这是优化了部分 ERC-20 和 ERC-721 的代币标准，一般应用于碎片化非同质化代币。

ERC-1155 - This is an optimised monetic standard for parts of ERC-20 and ERC-721, which is generally applied to de-consistence.

侧栏 - 为什么想要碎片化（或使其可替代）非同质化代币？

sidebar - Why do you want to decouple (or make it substitute) non-symmetric tokens?

尽管碎片化 NFT 这个概念本身听起来像悖论，但这也有几个不同的用例。最好的解读方式是，一些艺术品价格高昂（比如 Beeple 的 NFT 以 6900 万美元的价格售出或蒙娜丽莎这副名画），普通人很难买得起。碎片化一个昂贵的 NFT，使得消费者有机会持有（价值连城、非同质化）代币的一小部分。

Although the concept of fragmentation of NFT itself sounds like a paradox, there are several different examples. The best way to interpret it is that some works of art are expensive (e.g., Bepple's NFT is sold for $69 million or Mona Lisa's painting), and ordinary people can hardly afford it. Fragmentation of an expensive NFT gives consumers the opportunity to hold a small fraction of their tokens (valued and non-homogenous).

来源: Algorand

Source: Algorand

值得注意的是，大多数分解后的NFT碎片之间具有可替代性，因此，某个用户持有的蒙娜丽莎面部碎片不会和手部碎片或是背景碎片相斥（即碎片之间是等价的）。这些不同部位的碎片实际上并不是可替代的（比起脸部碎片，我更乐意花更少的钱购买背景碎片）而现实中，用户只会持有整个艺术品的一片小小的可替代碎片。

It is worth noting that most of the decomposed NFT fragments are alternative to each other, so that the Mona Lisa face fragments held by a user are not repulsed by hand fragments or background fragments (i.e. equal value between fragments). The fragments in these different parts are not actually alternative (I prefer to spend less money on buying background fragments than face fragments) whereas in reality, users hold only a small fraction of the small replacement fragments of the entire art.

碎片化 NFT 不止是钱的问题。NFT 代表着独一无二的数字资产，所以 NFT 碎片化还隐含着所有权、身份和社区的概念。

Fragmentation NFT is not just a matter of money. NFT represents a unique digital asset, so NFT fragmentation also implies the concept of ownership, identity and community.

测试网- 测试网是区块链的副本，它使开发者得以尽情开发，并测试代码在“主网”区块链上将是何种运行情况。当开发者在区块链上部署了智能合约后，尽管有些智能合约已经不再应用，但只要区块链一直活跃，这些代码都是可见的。由于存在这种永久性以及智能合约有可能与大额资金交互，开发者会希望通过在测试网测试以确保代码会按预期运行。

The test network is a copy of the block chain, which allows developers to develop as much as possible and to test how the code will operate on the main network block chain. When developers deploy smart contracts on the block chain, these codes are visible as long as the block chain is active. Because of the existence of such permanent contracts and the potential for intelligent contracts to interact with large amounts of money, developers would like to see the code run as expected through testing of the test network.

在以太坊案例中，有一堆的测试网（比如 Rinkby 、Ropsten 和 Kovan ）可供开发者在不用冒险动用真实资产的情况下，测试自己的代码。测试网是加密软件开发者的开发实践环境。

In the Etheria case, there are a bunch of test networks (e.g. Rinkby, Ropsten, and Kovan) that developers can test their own codes without risking to use real assets. The test network is the development practice environment for encryption software developers.

水龙头- 水龙头会分发“虚假” ETH 给开发者，所以他们能用这些测试币在测试网测试智能合约。开发者需要ETH部署智能合约并与之进行交互，但与主网的ETH不同，测试网的测试币不具有实际的经济价值。水龙头是开发者获取 ETH 测试币的简便渠道。

water taps - The taps distribute “false” ETH to developers, so they can test smart contracts with these test coins on the test network. The developers need ETH to deploy and interact with them, but unlike the main network ETH, the test currency of the test network has no real economic value. The taps are easy access for developers to the ETH test currency.

设想你是一名开发者，准备在以太坊上部署智能合约。假设你手头上的智能合约将处理一些资金，可能类似于一个去中心化的交易所（在下文的去中心化金融部分有探讨）。首先，你想在测试网上测试智能合约。以确保代码的运行达到预期。你将需要一些测试网的ETH来运行智能合约。

Imagine you being a developer, preparing to deploy a smart contract at Etheria. Assuming that the smart contract in your hand will handle some of the money, it may be similar to a decentralized exchange (discussed in the decentralized finance section below). First, you want to test the smart contract online. Ensure that the code works as expected. You will need some test network ETH to run the smart contract.

然而，要谨记测试网只是以太坊区块链的副本，所以测试网上面的ETH本质上是“虚假”的，因此，这些代币不能兑换成主网链的ETH。如果读者想用以太币测试合约并观察它的实际运行，那么水龙头可以方便用户获取ETH，并在测试网上尽情使用/挥霍。

However, bearing in mind that the testing network is only a copy of the ETH chain, the ETH on the test network is essentially “false” and therefore cannot be converted into the ETH on the main network. If readers want to test the contract and observe its actual operation with TT, the taps can make it easier for users to access the ETH and use it/volatilize it online.

预言机- 根据需要，预言机可以用来连接区块链和外部系统。在某些时候，可以创建在以太坊上的应用，希望与非以太坊网络所保护的外部数据流进行交互。一些数据不得不从链下获取，就如今天的天气或者篮球比赛的分数。因此，预言机是通向“现实世界”的接口。

prophecies - As required, prophecies can be used to connect block chains and external systems. In some cases, applications can be created at the Etherm, hoping to interact with external data streams protected by the non-Etheria network. Some data have to be obtained from the chain, such as today's weather or basketball games. So the prophecies are interfaces to the “real world”.

为了农作物的保险起见，预言机可用于查询弗洛里达州靠近橙子种植地的天气，或是用于验证去中心化体育博彩应用的记分。预言机具有潜在的信任隐患（因为构成区块链的计算机网络无法真的验证弗洛里达的天气如何），但是对于这些需要预言机的应用来说，有良好的方案可以解决这一隐患。

For crop insurance purposes, the prophecy machine can be used to search for weather near orange plantations in Florida, or to verify the score for decentralised sports games applications. The predictor has a potential trust hazard (since the network of computers that make up the block chain cannot actually verify the weather in Florida), but there are good solutions for these applications, which require the prophecy machine.

预言机提供商 (如 Chainlink ) 构建了某种系统以试图确保其预言机不易受攻击 (但是单个预言机仍然是区块链上易受攻击的弱点)。读者可以设想一下：为预言机系统 (由多个预言机组成) 建立一种共识机制，尽管其中存在易攻击点 (因为链下数据总是可能会以某种方式被操纵)，但是仍然需要 9/16 个预言机对预言机网络的信息达成共识。或者类似的机制。

Prophecies providers (e.g. Chainlink) construct systems that attempt to ensure that their prophecies are not vulnerable (but individual prophecies are still vulnerable to attack on the block chain). Readers can imagine a consensus mechanism for the prophecies system (composed of multiple prophecies), although there are easy-to-attack points (since data under the chains can always be manipulated in some way), there is still a need for 9/16 prophecies to agree on information on the prophecies network.

内存池- 当一笔交易已被用户提交，但是还未被验证和打包上链，这种待处理的交易会被发送到一个等待区域，叫做内存池。

Repository Pool - When a transaction has been submitted by the user but has not been validated and packaged into the chain, the pending transaction is sent to a waiting area called a memory pool.

在处理交易之前，网络中的计算机节点会验证交易的有效性。举例来说，账户在发送交易时，可能会花费超过账户内的有效资金，或是可能出现私钥与发起方钱包（更多请看下文的钱包和身份认证的部分）的公钥不匹配的情况。当网络中的计算机在验证这些潜在隐患时，这些待处理的交易就在内存池中等待。

For example, when an account is sent, it may cost more than valid funds in the account, or there may be a public key mismatch between the private key and the sponsor’s wallet (more see the wallet and identification section below). When computers in the network are verifying these potential vulnerabilities, these pending transactions are waiting in the pool.

在技术上而言，网络中的每个参与者都有自己的内存池，但为了让入门级别的读者更好理解，把内存池想象成所有区块链交易的等待区域是可以接受的。通常，交易在内存池中等待几秒钟到几分钟不等，这取决于需求量（下文进一步讨论可扩展性）。

Technically, each participant in the network has its own memory pool, but it is acceptable to imagine the memory pool as a waiting area for all block chain transactions in order to better understand it at the entry level. Usually, the transaction waits between a few seconds and a few minutes in the memory pool, depending on demand (further discussion of scalability below).

以太坊上待处理的交易可以在数据供应器上看到，比如 Etherscan。

The transactions to be processed at the Etherpan can be seen on the data provider, e.g., Ethercan.

侧栏 - 用户和应用如何与以太坊交互？

你可能会与想给你寄信或礼物的朋友分享你的地址，但就算有人在当地政府的财产记录中看到你的家庭地址，那也没什么。如果有人看到你的公钥，那也是没问题的。

You may share your address with a friend who wants to send you a letter or a gift, but it doesn't matter if someone sees your home address in the property records of the local government. If someone sees your public key, it's fine.

私钥- 在另一方面，私钥是钱包的密码，所以不能让别人知道你的私钥。私钥会对应特定钱包的公钥，因此，如果有人得到了私钥，他们可以完全访问钱包。

Private Key - On the other hand, the private key is the wallet's password, so no one can know your private key. The private key is the public key to a given wallet, so if someone gets a private key, they can have full access to the wallet.

sidebar - the principle of public and private keys?

公钥和私钥背后的机制是非常重要的基础知识。基本上，公钥和私钥是用于加密和验证身份的一种方法，叫做私钥密码学。

The mechanism behind the public and private keys is a very important foundation of knowledge. Essentially, the public and private keys are a method for encryption and authentication of identity, called private key cryptography.

谨记公钥是面向外部公开的。当用户向其朋友的钱包发起交易时（使用朋友的公钥），就相当于给交易上锁，只有当用户的朋友确实持有接收方钱包的私钥时，才能把锁解开。尽管交易是可见的（因为它存在公链上），但没有特定私钥（私钥对应的持有资产的钱包）的情况下无法“解锁”这些资产。

When a user initiates a transaction to a friend’s wallet (using a friend’s public key), it is like locking a transaction, which can only be unlocked if the user’s friend does hold the recipient’s wallet’s private key. Although the transaction is visible (because it exists in the public chain), it cannot “deprive” those assets without a specific private key (the private key’s wallet of the asset in the possession).

不管你是以太坊上搭建项目的开发者或者只是用户，一定要了解公钥和私钥的区别，这很重要。误用（或者“放错”）公私钥可能造成严重的资金后果，并且，这和忘记中心化网站上的密码不同，应用开发者无法帮助用户恢复密钥。随着更多用户创建加密钱包并在区块链上交易，这种交易模式将会更为标准化。同时，注意学习曲线以及帮助向其他用户解释也尤为重要。

It is important to understand the difference between a public key and a private key, whether you are the developer or just a user of a project built on a portal. Misuse (or “wrong-in”) of a public and private key can have serious financial consequences, and, unlike forgetting the password on a centralized site, the application developer cannot help the user restore the key. This mode of transaction will be more standardized as more users create encrypted wallets and deal on block chains.

来源: How to Generate Public and Private Keys

Source: How to General Public and Private Keys

助记词- 一组助记词（通常是 12 到 24 个随机的词）是钱包在紧急情况下最终的钱包恢复工具。它需要像私钥一样被同等保护起来，因为丢失助记词或者将它保存在会被发现的地方，就意味着钱包的一切都暴露了。用户一定要采取合适的方式保存助记词，保证其安全性和机密性。

helpword - A set of helpwords (usually 12 to 24 random words) is the ultimate wallet recovery tool in an emergency. It needs to be protected equally like a private key, because the loss of the helpword or its preservation in the place where it will be found means that everything in the wallet is exposed. Users must keep the helpwords in an appropriate way to ensure their safety and confidentiality.

钱包应用的开发者无法访问助记词，所以，如果读者丢失了自己的密钥和助记词，那么你的钱包就不能再恢复。如果仅仅丢失了私钥，那还可以用助记词来恢复钱包。

The developers of wallet applications do not have access to the letters, so if the readers lose their keys and notes, your wallet can no longer be restored. If only the private keys are lost, it can be restored with the notes.

托管钱包 - 这类钱包由托管方（任何负责管理钱包资金的中心化实体）负责管理，比如一个常规的 Coinbase 账户就是托管的。这些托管者负责管理钱包（因此，如果用户使用了一个托管钱包，就不必保管自己私钥）中的基本资产，为提供用户更为中心化、更顺畅的用户体验。

Trust wallets - These wallets are managed by the custodian (any centralised entity responsible for managing the wallet’s funds), such as a regular Coinbase account. These custodians are responsible for managing the basic assets in the wallet (and, therefore, if the user uses a trust wallet, they do not have to keep their own private keys) to provide a more centralized and smooth user experience.

这种用户体验通常不包括加密原生的身份认证机制，例如，一位用户可以使用 Google 邮箱地址和密码登录 Coinbase 的账户。

This user experience usually does not include encrypted original identification mechanisms, for example, a user can access the Coinbase account using Google Mailbox addresses and passwords.

托管钱包是一种开启加密之旅的好方式，同时也是兑换现金资产为加密货币的实用方法。另一方面，鉴于这些托管者都由中心化机构持有和管理，所以也带来了去中心化旨在解决的一些问题，比如数据所有权、信息流控制以及潜在的监管要求。

Host wallets are a good way to start encryption, but also a practical way to convert cash assets into encrypted currencies. On the other hand, since these custodians are held and managed by centralized institutions, they also bring some of the issues that are being addressed by decentralization, such as data ownership, information flow control and potential regulatory requirements.

加密界有句关于托管钱包流行语 —— “无钥即无币”。即便是 Coinbase 的 CEO Brian Armstrong 曾经也提过非托管钱包的重要性，因为托管钱包的提供商会有受到政府监管的风险。对那些倾向于以一种完全去中心化的方式管理自己的资产和交易的用户来说，非托管钱包是更好的选择。

The encryption community has a popular phrase about hosting wallets - “no key, no currency.” Even the CEO Brian Armstrong of Coinbase has mentioned the importance of non-host wallets, because the Chamber of Trade that provides them risks being regulated by the government. Non-host wallets are a better option for users who tend to manage their assets and transactions in a completely decentralized manner.

非托管钱包- 这类钱包的管理者只是......你！软件供应商（如 MetaMask , Argent 和 Rainbow 等）提供用户访问自己钱包的软件，但主要的是，钱包资产存放在链上而不是钱包提供商那里。所以，如果 MetaMask 钱包发生了些什么导致无法访问，那么用户可以跳转到 Rainbow 钱包，导入他们的钱包（不用得到 MetaMask 的允许）并通过 Rainbow 操作自己的资产。还有一种非托管硬件钱包，它的私钥直接保存在物理设备中（通常是看起来像 USB 的小金属物件）。

non-host wallet - This type of wallet is administered only by you! The software provider (e.g. MetaMask, Argent and Rainbow) provides user access to software for its wallet, but mainly the wallet asset is stored in the chain rather than in the wallet provider. So if what happens to MetaMask wallet makes it impossible to access, the user can jump to Rainbow wallet, import their wallet (without the permission of MetaMask) and operate its own assets through Rainbow. There is also a non-host hardware wallet, whose private keys are kept directly in the physical equipment (usually small metal objects that look like USB).

非托管钱包的使用伴随着管理公钥、私钥和助记词的负担，但这种钱包给予用户以自治权（直接持有资产）和访问以太坊世界的唯一身份。以太坊应用允许用户“使用以太坊登录”(Sign in with Ethereum, SIWE )，即“使用自己的非托管钱包登录”。由此，非托管钱包代表了用户的身份，这些钱包扩展了加密界的设计空间，比如关于身份、凭证和所有权的新思维方式。

The use of non-host wallets is accompanied by the burden of managing public keys, private keys and assistive words, but such wallets give users the sole status of self-governing (directly holding assets) and visiting the Etherm world. They allow users to “use sign in with Etheeum, SIWE” or “use their own non-custody wallets”. Thus, non-host wallets represent the identity of users, and these wallets extend the design space of the encryption community, such as new ways of thinking about identity, documents and ownership.

社会恢复钱包- 这是由一些非托管钱包提供商支持的一种钱包恢复策略。这种钱包不需要助记词（有用户丢失过助记词），用户可以委任其社交网络中的其他人，验证钱包是否是否对应于它应该对应的人。通过社交恢复钱包，用户可以基于其社交圈的信任网络作为其非托管钱包的后盾，同时仍然保留非托管钱包的自我托管/去中心化/单点登录的优势。Argent是社会恢复钱包的一个用例。

Society Recovery Wallet - a wallet recovery strategy supported by a number of non-host wallet providers. Such wallets do not require assistive words (the user has lost the helper) and users can appoint others in their social network to verify whether the wallet corresponds to the person to whom it should correspond. Through social recovery wallets, users can use a trust network based on their social circle as a backup for their non-host wallets, while retaining the advantage of self-hosting/decentralizing/single entry of non-host wallets.

侧栏-用户如何注意钱包的使用安全？

不似传统公司在实体创建和领导组织架构方面的中心化持有和管理，DAO 则为无中心实体下决策的加密原生项目和商业的经营而设计架构，并致力于争取项目的社区所有权。许多 DAO 的另一个愿景是完全去中心化和民主化的实现。也就是，DAO 的各种决策由主要参与者以民主的方式票选得出。DAO 不仅能针对链上的应用级别产品的变动进行投票，还能发挥奖励和激励系统参与者的作用。

Unlike traditional corporate central ownership and management of organizational structures for the creation and leadership of entities, DAO designs structures for encrypted primary projects and business operations that are decided upon under non-central entities, and works to secure community ownership of projects. Another vision of many DAOs is complete centralization and democratization.

一部分 DAO 确实十分接近自治的程度，某种意义上，自动执行的智能合约代码运行着 DAO 的许多函数。这方面的一个例子就是 DeFi 中的 DAO，这种 DAO 的核心价值定位是，对于 DeFi 中服务于某些目的智能合约的去中心化维护。大多数 DAO 向着去中心化的方向逐步发展，这其中的大部分更类似于与银行账户的多人聊天，而不是真正意义上的自治化组织。

Some DAOs are really close to self-government, and in some ways automated smart contracts run many of the DAO’s functions. One example of this is DAO in DeFi, whose core value position is decentralized maintenance of DeFi’s intellectual contracts for certain purposes. Most DAOs are moving towards decentralization, most of which are more similar to talking to many people in bank accounts than to a truly autonomous organization.

DAO 实际上是各种事物的社会副产品，包括无需许可区块链、非托管钱包、身份认证工具（如 ENS 等）以及生态参与者的共享意愿。DAO 值得用专门的一部分展开描述（甚至是用整篇指南！），但我个人观点是，大家在加密界中参加的 DAO 正是重新定义数字原生身份的关键，所以在本章节中与“身份”一起谈 DAO 最说得通。

DAO is actually a social by-product of a variety of things, including the non-licensed block chain, non-custody wallets, identification tools (e.g. ENS, etc.) and the shared will of ecological players. DAO is worth a special part of the description (or even a whole guide!), but my personal view is that DAO, in which you participate in the encryption community, is the key to redefining the digital original identity, so it makes sense to talk about DAO together with “identity” in this chapter.

去中心化金融

毋庸置疑，DeFi 是目前以太坊最为成功的用例，超过 1000 亿美元的资产锁定在以太坊的 DeFi 协议当中。 DeFi 领域还擅于使用一些令人困惑的术语。在这个小节，我将从广义角度界定 DeFi，深入探讨这些令人困惑的术语，阐述 Uniswap 作为一个去中心化交易所如何在以太坊上运作。

There is no doubt that DeFi is currently the most successful example of Tai Fan, with more than $100 billion in assets locked in the DeFi agreement. DeFi is also good at using confusing terms. In this subsection, I will define DeFi in a broad sense and explore in depth the confusing terms and how Uniswap, as a decentralized exchange, will operate in Etai.

去中心化金融（DeFi）- 去中心化金融指的是任何的不存在中心把关人且完全在区块链上运行的金融应用、交易所和系统。如今，各式各样的区块链上活跃着数以百计（如果还未达到成千上万的程度）的DeFi项目，从去中心化交易所到借贷协议，再到期权和期货合约，应用范围很广。DeFi 应用的首要目标在于重新思考：在没有中央银行掌控权力的世界体系中，如何通过去中心化的形式实现旧式银行系统提供的金融服务。

DeFi refers to any financial applications, exchanges, and systems that do not exist and that operate entirely on the chain of blocks. Today, hundreds of DeFi projects (if not yet to tens of thousands) are active in the chain of blocks, ranging from decentralized exchanges to loan agreements, re-emerging rights and futures contracts. The primary objective of the DeFi application is to rethink how financial services provided by the old banking system can be achieved in a decentralized form in a world without central bank control.

有案例给出了答案，读者可以试想一下在股票市场买进股票份额的情景。当Sally通过中介（Robinhood、 Charles Schwab 和 Vanguard 等）购买了一股特斯拉股票，这一股会辗转多个中介之手后Sally才能拿到。一般而言，当系统正常运行，这种辗转多个不同中介的行为不会被一般大众发现。但有时会发生糟糕的情况（例如，2008年全球金融危机或是2021年的Gametop股票事件），导致系统崩盘（如出现负油价和交易被取消的情况）。

When Sally buys a Tesla stock through an intermediary (Robinhood, Charles Schwab, Vanguard, etc.), it turns to multiple intermediaries before Sally gets it. In general, when the system works, this shift of multiple different intermediaries will not be detected by the general public.

系统崩盘后，人们希望寻找这场混乱的罪魁祸首。可当他们开始掘地三尺的时候，却发现传统金融市场远没有他们所想的那样透明。

After the collapse of the system, people want to look for the culprits of this chaos. But when they start digging three feet, they find that traditional financial markets are far less transparent than they think.

去中心化交易所（DEXs）- 它是首个主要的 DeFi 构建块。区块链激活了一种新型交易所，它无须经过不透明的中介环节和半官方机构，就能直接和智能合约进行交易。

goes to the Centralized Exchange (DEXs) - the first major DeFi building block. The block chain activates a new type of exchange that can be traded directly and intelligently without having to go through opaque intermediaries and parastatals.

还是举 Sally 购买特斯拉股票作为例子，她不再需要通过中介经纪公司（例如 Charles Schwab ）买入股票，这种中介会和做市商（比如 Citadel ）进行交易，两者都受到于美国清算所（如 DTCC）施加的约束。而是和 Uniswap 智能合约做交易！智能合约的代码都是透明公开的，因此，她可以看到资金流动的过程，不会被非透明的中介蒙蔽双眼。

Or, by way of example, Sally’s purchase of Tesla shares, she no longer needs to buy stocks through intermediaries (e.g. Charles Schwab), who trade with marketers (e.g. Citadel), both of which are bound by the United States clearing house (e.g. DTCC). Instead, she deals with Uniswap smart contracts! The code for smart contracts is transparent and open, so she sees the process of financial flows and is not blinded by non-transparent intermediaries.

这些去中心化交易所运用区块链技术和经济激励，基本上为任意两种货币搭建了市场（比如 BTC 和 ETH，或者美元和欧元等）。以下我将说明，作为占据市场份额最多的 DEX，Uniswap 如何进行运作。

These decentralized exchanges, using block chain technology and economic incentives, basically create markets for either currency (e.g. BTC and ETH, or the United States dollar and the euro). Here I will explain how DEX, Uniswap, is operating as the largest market share.

为了解这些去中心化交易所的运作方式，我们需要先界定一些额外的术语：

To understand how these decentralised exchanges operate, we need to first define some additional terms:

流动性提供者（LPs）- 在上面的Sally案例中，它所描述的不透明中介在传统金融系统中确实起到了有效作用：为系统提供流动性。而在传统的金融体系中，Sally 可以随时卖掉自己的股票，几乎任何时间或至少在常规的交易时间内都可以，因为中介便是雇来为 Sally 和其他股民提供流动性的人

- In the Sally case above, the opaque broker that it describes does work in the traditional financial system: providing liquidity for the system. In the traditional financial system, Sally can sell his stock at any time, almost at any time or at least during the usual transaction, because the broker is the person who hired Sally and other shareholders to provide liquidity.

那么，去中心化交易所协议中的智能合约哪里来资产给它进行交易？答案是流动性提供者。DEX 给予个体通过提供流动性而获利的机会，当有用户与智能合约交易资产时，系统会给流动性提供者返利一小部分由交易产生的手续费。

So, where do smart contracts in a centralised exchange agreement come to deal with it? The answer is a liquidity provider. DEX gives individuals the opportunity to profit by providing liquidity, and when there is a user-intelligent contract to deal with an asset, the system returns a small fraction of the transaction-generated transaction fees to a liquid provider.

对 LP 来说，最为知名的是 Unswap 的模式，他们需要在智能合约中存款两种具有相同价值的代币对。再度重申，LP 把存款放进智能合约中，以获取一部分交易手续费。LP 可以将作为流动性存放进去的代币随时提取出来，但这样的话，他们显然无法获得未来交易费用上涨的分红。

For LP, the most well-known model is the Unswap model, where they need to deposit two tokens of equal value in smart contracts. Again, LP places deposits in smart contracts to obtain a portion of the transaction fee. LP can be extracted at any time as a token for liquidity, but in this case they will obviously not be able to obtain a fraction of the increase in future transaction costs.

自动做市商（AMMs）- 这是 DEX 的一种类别。自动做市商是指运用算法设置价格的智能合约。在此，Uniswap的恒定乘积公式 ( x*y=k ) 最有知名度，然而这超出了这篇指南的范围。AMM只是一种无需人为设置价格的公式或机制。

Automatically marketers - this is a category of DEX. Automarketers are smart contracts that use algorithms to set prices. Here, Uniswap's constant multiplying formula (x*y=k) is most well known, yet it is beyond the scope of this guide. The AMM is only a formula or mechanism that does not artificially set prices.

sidebar - How does Uniswap function?

首先，先谈谈用户体验。当用户想用 Uniswap（或其他交易所）兑换代币时，该用户只需在一个简易的前端界面进行操作即可，这个界面是 Uniswap 基于更加复杂的智能合约构建的。如下图所示，用户可以把ETH（或其他代币）兑换成其他资产，犹如使用自动贩卖机。用户可以连接钱包并将任意一种代币换成其他代币。非常简单！

First, let's talk about the user's experience. When a user wants to exchange a token with Uniswap (or another exchange), it needs to operate at a simple front-end interface, constructed by Uniswap on the basis of a more sophisticated and intelligent contract. As shown in the figure below, the user can convert the ETH (or other tokens) into other assets, such as a vending machine. The user can connect a wallet and exchange any one of them for another. It's very simple!

来源: Understanding Ethereum

Source: Understanding Etheeum

然而，幕后到底发生了什么？一起看下图中的蓝色方框。这是 Uniswap 的智能合约，是流动性提供者存放其代币的地方（例子中用代币 A 和代币 B ）。

However, what happened behind the scenes? Look at the blue box below. This is Uniswap's smart contract, the place where liquid providers store their tokens (in example, tokens A and B).

蓝色方框的左边描述了 LP 和质押池的关系；LP 存进两种资产，作为交换，他们会收到质押池代币，这种代币相当于流动性提供者可以赎回他们的质押资产的一个凭证。质押池代币可以随时赎回LP最初质押在智能合约的资产（在这里，交易者要警惕接下来提到的“无常损失”。）

On the left side of the blue box, the relationship between LP and the pledge pool is described; LP deposits two assets in exchange for which they will receive a pledge pool token equivalent to a certificate that a liquid provider can redeem their pledged assets. The pledge pool token can at any time redeem LP’s initial pledge of assets under an intelligent contract (here, traders will be wary of the “unusual loss” referred to next).

上图中的另一端是用户。用户在无需接触质押池 LP 的情况下，进入界面并在质押池中将一种代币兑为另一种。并且，用户会支付一小笔手续费，它会均等地分给质押池中的所有 LP 。

The other end of the chart is the user. The user enters the interface without having to contact the pledge pool LP and exchange a token in the pledge pool as the other. Moreover, the user will pay a small fee that will be equally distributed to all LPs in the pledge pool.

来源: Uniswap documentation

Source: Uniswap documentation

这种机制很酷。我在职业生涯的早期便开始学习金融知识，所以，当我了解到去中心化交易所时，它比比特币的“数字黄金”和以太坊的“世界计算机”隐喻更能使我兴趣盎然。如果没有公链这种去信任基建的存在，那么 Uniswap 只会是黄粱一梦。还有什么是我们今天不敢妄想而明天却成为主流的？

This is a cool mechanism. I started studying finance early in my career, so when I learned to go to a centralized exchange, it was more interesting than the bitco’s “digit gold” and the “world computer” metaphor of Ether. Without a public chain like trust in the existence of infrastructure, Uniswap would be a dream. What else would we be afraid to think today and become mainstream tomorrow?

截至2022年初，Uniswap 的月交易量约为 600 亿美元。

At the beginning of 2022, Uniswap had a monthly transaction volume of approximately $60 billion.

接下来提及的术语（以及文本中介绍性定义之外的内容）也许需要读者自行深入探索了。然而，它们也可能是新用户刚踏入以太坊圈子，就会接触到的第一批术语概念，因此，我坚信它们会极大地影响刚进圈的新用户，使他们困惑不已。因此，他们可以多看看文末的更多资料。

The following terms (and what is not in the introductory definition of the text) may need to be explored in depth by readers themselves. However, they may also be the first concepts of terms that new users will be exposed to when they enter the Etherm, so I am convinced that they will greatly influence and confuse new users who are entering the circle. So they can look more at the end of the text.

流动性挖矿 (Yield Farming)- 如名所示，流动性挖矿是指通过为 DeFi 应用提供流动资金的方式“收割”收益的行为。这些应用提供诱人的奖励作为使用的回报。如果有朋友向你透露其在 DeFi 的年收益率达到 100,000%，那他们说的就是流动性挖矿。

mobile mining (Yield Farming) - As indicated, mobile mining is an act of “harvesting” the proceeds by providing liquidity for DeFi applications. These applications offer attractive incentives in return for use. If friends reveal to you that their annual rate of return in DeFi is 100,000 per cent, then they say mobile mining.

许多 DeFi 应用需要大笔资金注入平台（流动性，如前所述），作为体现其应用价值的关键功能，无论是什么功能（如交易资产、借贷等）。这些 DeFi 应用只有两条路能走：筹募 10 亿美元并由应用提供流动性，或者给予流动性提供者以可观的奖励，并使这些流动性挖矿者成为平台的流动性提供者。

Many of the DeFi applications require large financial injections to the platform (liquidity, as described above) as key functions that reflect the value of their applications, regardless of function (e.g. trading assets, lending, etc.). These DeFi applications have only two paths to go: raising $1 billion and providing liquidity from the application, or providing significant incentives to the mobility providers and making these mobile diggers the platform's mobility providers.

等一下？这些可观的奖励从何而来？

Wait a minute. Where's the big reward coming from?

好吧，这些应用正在将这些高额奖励大肆宣传为新型激励机制，但现实是，这些奖励通常只是（昂贵的）客户购置成本。也就是说，这些应用的代币在某种程度上代表了应用的价值，而他们通过应用（客户购置成本）给用户分配奖励。这些奖励是原生代币与其他代币类型的混合产物。

Well, these high-value incentives are being widely promoted as new incentives, but the reality is that they are usually only (explicit) customer acquisition costs. That is, they represent, to some extent, the value of the applications, and they allocate incentives to users by applying them (client acquisition costs).

因此，流动性挖矿指的是寻找这种收益并为最有机会获利的应用注入资金的实践，它几乎可以视作 DeFi 应用上的一种天使投资形式。

Liquid mining, therefore, refers to the practice of seeking such benefits and infusing funds for the most profitable applications, which can almost be seen as an angel investment in the DeFi application.

质押- 这个术语用得五花八门，但实际上，质押仅是指在一段时间内锁住资产并从锁仓中获利。

pledge - The term is used in a variety of ways, but in practice the pledge merely refers to locking assets and profiting from locking warehouses over a period of time.

一般，这个概念在中心化金融领域应用，用户质押代币以换取奖励，但是质押也能运用在其他领域中。许多 DeFi 协议利用质押方式控制其协议原生代币的流动供给，好比中央银行试图管控货币供给。激励投资者短期锁定自己的代币以期经济报酬，这听起来就像债券。

In general, this concept is applied in the area of centralization finance, where users pledge money in exchange for incentives, but pledges can also be used in other areas. Many DeFi agreements use pledge to control the flow of their original currency, as much as central banks try to regulate the supply of money.

无常损失 (Impermanence Loss)- 这个概念指的是在供给两种以上代币的流动性时，流动性提供者需要承担的潜在风险。在上文 Uniswap 的例子中，流动性提供者存入两种等值的代币到 Uniswap 上，并获得质押池代币。当 LP 想要提回资金时，质押池代币可以用于赎回自己的两种代币。

Anomalous Loss(Impermanence Loss) - This concept refers to the potential risks that liquidity providers have to assume when providing liquidity for more than two tokens. In the case of Uniswap above, liquidity providers deposit two equivalents of tokens on Uniswap and obtain a pledge pool currency.

这里存在的细微差别是，LP 存款的两种代币都有各自的价格（还有价格波动）。当 LP 想用质押池代币赎回两种代币时，两者的价格可能已经是相去甚远：可能其中一种代币价格下跌了5%，而另一种则上涨了10%。

The slight difference here is that LP deposits have prices (and price fluctuations) for both of them. When LP wants to redeem them with a pledge pool, the price may already be quite different: one may have fallen by 5 per cent and the other by 10 per cent.

代币之间的价格差距也许意味着LP最好应当只持有一种的代币，而不要持有从交易费获益的质押池代币。重要的是，无常损失被贴上“非永久的”标签，是因为在 LP 真正赎回质押池代币之前，这种损失只是“账面损失”。也就是说，如果 LP 不选择赎回代币，而是继续提供流动性直到两种代币的价格相互靠拢，那么无常损失就消失了。

The price gap between currencies may mean that the LP should preferably hold only one token instead of a pledge pool currency that benefits from the transaction fee. The important thing is that irregular losses are labelled “non-permanent” because such losses are only “book losses” before LP actually redeems the deposit pool. That is, if LP does not choose to redeem the money but continues to provide liquidity until the prices of the two currencies converge.

关于不同类型质押池的 DEX、LP 以及无常损失的优质初级读物可以在这里找到。Daily DeFi 上的无常损失计算机演示了几个例子。

The DEX, LP and high-quality primary readings on different types of pledge pools can be found here. A few examples of abnormal loss computers are shown on Daily DeFi.

Layer2和权益证明机制

Layer2 and the certificate of interest mechanism

2022 年被俗称为以太坊的“ L2之年”，万众瞩目的权益证明机制的过渡预计在夏季进行。这个部分将深入讨论区块链的“三角悖论”、以太坊的未来以及 rollup 的运作原理。

In 2022, popularly known as the “L2 year” of the Etherms, the transition to the Evidence of Rights mechanism is expected to take place in the summer. This part will discuss in depth the “triangular paradox” of the block chain, the future of the Etherms, and the working principles of the rollup.

区块链三角悖论 - 每一条区块链都涉及三种概念之间的权衡：去中心化、可扩展性以及安全性。一般的共识是（ 2022 年早期），以太坊在去中心化和安全性上做得较好，但在可扩展性上稍逊一筹（ gas 费用好高！呃啊啊啊啊啊！）。希望在近期会有一些改进计划可以解决以太坊的区块链三角悖论。下面叙述了这三个方面的考量，对于理解三者的平衡对单条区块链的影响而言十分重要。

Block chain triangle paradox - Each block chain involves a trade-off between three concepts: decentralisation, scalability, and security. There is a general consensus (early 2022) that Ether was better at decentralisation and security, but less than expansionary (gas costs! Uh! ah!). It is hoped that in the near future there will be some improvement plans to address the triangulation of the Ether chain. The three considerations described below are important in understanding the impact of the balance of the three on the single block chain.

去中心化-比特币白皮书准确地解释了去中心化概念（我自己加粗强调了）：“只需要一个基于加密学证明而非信任的电子支付系统，允许任何两个意愿方在无需信任第三方的情况下，直接与彼此进行交易。”

区块链扮演了基础设施层的角色，使得全世界的用户可以使用自己计算机与彼此互动，而不用经过中介环节。

Block chains play an infrastructure role, allowing users around the world to use their own computers and interact with each other without having to go through intermediaries.

区块链的去中心化就好比一个频谱；如果区块链可以被少数用户关停，或者网络的参与成本过高（ gas 费用或配置计算机参与网络的成本），那么区块链则会向中心化的一端倾斜。中心化程度越高，权力垄断和剥削的风险也越高。

The centralization of the block chain is like a spectrum; if the block chain can be shut down by a small number of users, or if the network's participation costs are too high (gas costs or the cost of equipping a computer to participate in the network), the block chain will tilt towards the centralized end. The higher the centralization, the higher the risk of monopoly and exploitation.

安全性- 安全性是指基础链被外界攻击或控制的难度。有效的经验法则是 51%的大多数原则；如果有人能够控制特定链上 51%的处理交易的计算机，那他们也许可以非法入侵并损害网络的安全性。

security - Security refers to the difficulty of a basic chain being attacked or controlled by the outside world. The effective empirical approach is 51% of the principle; if someone is able to control 51% of the computers that handle transactions in a given chain, they may be able to break into the network illegally and damage its security.

这里有更深层的技术考量，但 51%的占比帮助用户厘清安全性、去中心化和可扩展性之间的权衡关系。为特定区块链打包交易的独立计算机越多，表明其去中心化和安全性程度越高（更多计算机=有人控制51%的网络节点的概率很低）。然而，网络中的独立计算机越多，也意味着每台计算机需要同更大的计算机网络进行交流，从而导致运行速度下降......

There are deeper technical considerations here, but 51% of them help users clarify the trade-off between security, decentralisation, and scalability. The more independent computers can be packaged for a particular block chain, the more centralized and secure they are (more = low probability of control of 51% of network nodes). The more independent computers in the network, however, also means that each computer needs to communicate with a larger computer network, thereby reducing the speed of operation...

可扩展性- ......网络运行速度下降意味着我们需要找到提高可扩展性的方案。当区块链上的交易需求变多时，网络也会随之变得异常拥堵。例如，以太坊也曾有过 gas 费疯涨的时期，尤其是网络需求爆满的时候。这些需求致使交易打包上链的成本水涨船高，同时造成网络拥堵、网络运行速度下降。

...The decline in the speed of network operations means that we need to find solutions to increase scalability. When the demand for transactions on the block chain becomes greater, the network becomes extremely crowded. For example, there have been periods in Etheria when gas costs have risen, especially when network demand has burst. These demands have resulted in higher costs of trading to the chain, while the network has decreased its speed.

零知识证明- 这个概念并非具体的扩容方案，但它是展开探讨扩容方案之前所要阐明的一个重要概念。零知识证明是一种无需获取特定信息就能验证事物有效性的加密学方法。

Zero Knowledge proves - This concept is not a specific expansion programme, but it is an important concept to be articulated before exploring an expansion programme.

比如，假设我是一名 Craigslit 的买家，正打算从网络中的任意用户手里购买一台电视。这时，有人私信告诉我，他们手上有我正在找的电视，而他们的资料是匿名的。

For example, assuming that I'm a buyer of Craigslit, I'm going to buy a TV from any user in the network. At that point, I was told by a personal letter that they had the TV I was looking for, and their data was anonymous.

作为一名买家，我希望在与卖家碰面之前，能确保他们真的有电视。但是卖家却不想将他们的个人信息（驾照、居家地址、室内的图片）泄露给网络中的随机用户。最重要的是，卖家也想要知道我是不是一个真人！但双方都不想分享个人信息。

As a buyer, I hope to make sure that they actually have television before meeting with the seller. But the seller does not want to leak their personal information (licence, home address, indoor pictures) to random users on the Internet. Most importantly, the seller wants to know if I am a real person.

通过零知识证明，我可以向卖家证明我是一个真实的人，在不告诉他们我是谁的前提下验证身份。另一方面，卖家也能证明他们确实拥有一台电视并且是合法的卖家，同样不用泄露任何敏感的个人信息。

By proof of zero knowledge, I can prove to the seller that I am a real person, without telling them who I am. On the other hand, the seller can prove that they do own a TV and that they are legitimate sellers, without any sensitive personal information.

这其中包含着错综复杂的加密学基元，因此，上文只是非常简概的介绍。大多情况下，零知识证明能够解决加密界中的安全性、可扩展性和隐私挑战问题。

This contains complex encryption fundamentals, so the above is a very brief introduction. In most cases, zero knowledge has proved capable of addressing security, scalability, and privacy challenges in the encryption community.

Layer2 扩容方案- 用户非常希望可以在以太坊上大展拳脚，因为它是世界上最为去中心化且最为资深的智能合约计算平台。以太坊已经吸引了分布最广的开发者网络，进行基于区块链的应用创建。但这些创建活动带来的后果是，打包交易到以太坊区块链的需求有时会造成 gas 价格过高，这也意味着以太坊用起来既慢又贵。

The extension program Layer2 - Users very much hope that they will be able to play a big role in the ether because it is the world's most central and senior intellectual contract computing platform. The ether has attracted the most widely distributed network of developers to create applications based on block chains. The consequence of these creations is that the need to package into the ether chain sometimes leads to excessive gas prices, which also means that it is slow and expensive to use in the ether.

区块链的三角悖论暗示着，任何优化过安全性和去中心化程度的区块链，将在可扩展性上做出让步。由于去中心化和安全性对区块链的愿景承诺具有重要推动作用，所以可扩展性就成了最难解决的部分。以太坊将赌注压在了一大波改进浪潮上，希望由此解决可扩展性问题。

The triangle paradox of block chains suggests that any chain of blocks that optimizes security and decentralisation will yield concessions on scalability. Since decentralization and security play an important role in promoting the vision of block chains, scalability is the most difficult part to solve.

其中一种改进是，从用户先与以太坊区块链本身（即“ Layer1 ”）互动，改为与 Layer2 扩容方案互动。从根本上，这表明大部分以太坊主网上的交易和应用会转移到Layer2，它继承了以太坊的安全性和去中心化，但却比以太坊本身的吞吐量高几个数量级。以太坊 Layer1 将会专门负责共识问题，而它的 Layer2 则会负责执行交易和代码。

One such improvement is that the user interacts first with the Ether block chain itself (i.e. “Layer1”) and instead with the Layer2 expansion programme. Essentially, this suggests that most of the transactions and applications on the Etherms web will be transferred to Layer2, which inherits Ether’s safety and decentralisation, but is several orders of magnitude higher than the ingestion of Ether’s own.

Rollups- Rollup 会在其独立的区块链中处理一批交易。在自己的链上执行这些交易后，Rollup 将所有的交易压缩成一个小型的信息数据包。这些小数据包会被“发送”到以太坊的 Layer1，这表示 Rollup 在继承了 Layer1 安全性的同时扩大了可以处理的交易数量 (因为信息被压缩了)。

Rollups-Rollup handles a number of transactions in its separate block chain. After executing these transactions on its own chain, Rollup compresses all transactions into a small information data package. These small data packs are “sent” to Layer1 in Ether, which means that Rollup increases the number of transactions that can be processed while inheriting Layer1 security (because the information is compressed).

这些小得多的交易信息包里包含着一些证明 (证明这些交易是基于以太坊的规则下处理的)。

These smaller packages contain some evidence (which proves that these transactions are dealt with under the Etherm rules).

来源: Understanding Rollup Economics

Source: Understanding Rollup Economics

这听起来似乎是在去中心化上做出了妥协。但是 Rollup 一个关键的点在于以太坊可以只对证明进行验证，而不是对每一笔交易进行证明的工作，这节省了指数级别的工作量（因此让以太坊更加可扩展！）。由于以太坊拥有决定 Rollup 交易是否可以发布上链的最终确定权，所以，在不向中心化妥协的情况下，所有的 Rollup 交易仍然由以太坊提供安全保障。

But one of the key points of Rollup is that the Ethermill can only validate certificates rather than each transaction, which saves the index-level workload (and thus makes it more expandable!). Since Ether has the ultimate right to determine whether Rollup deals can be released from the chain, all Rollup transactions are still secured by Ether without compromise on centralization.

以下是各种类型的 Rollup 。主要的区别在于它们向以太坊证明交易有效性的方法。

The following are various types of Rollup. The main difference is the way they prove the validity of the transaction to Ether.

Optimistic Rollup- 这种类型的 Rollup 会将交易证明的记录保存下来，在以太坊请求具体证明时，它才会向以太坊出示这些证明。Optimistic Rollup 不会向以太坊主网证明每笔交易的有效性，而是在必要的时候提供证明，这促使可扩展性问题得到缓解。

Optimistic Rollup - This type of Rollup will keep records of the transaction certificates, which it will only show to Etheria when it requests specific proofs.

ZK Rollup- 这一类 Rollup 不会展示交易内的所有细节，而是利用零知识加密学的方式验证交易的有效性。上面已经解释过零知识证明了，而重点在于这些 Rollup 只展示更小的零知识证明而不是整个交易过程，由此节约了许多的区块空间。

ZK Rollup - This type of Rollup does not show all the details of the transaction, but uses zero-knowledge encryption to verify the validity of the transaction. Zero knowledge has been explained above, and the focus is on these Rollup showing only smaller zero-knowledge proofs, rather than the entire transaction, thereby saving a lot of block space.

分片- 分片是指将区块链分割成小分片以减少拥堵的过程。分片促使以太坊更加容易访问。本质上，节点只需要存储他们所连接的特定分片的数据，而不是整个以太坊区块链的数据，这也让以太坊更加可扩展。

fragments refer to the process of dividing blocks into small fragments to reduce congestion. The fragments make it easier for the Ethers to access them. In essence, nodes simply store data on particular fragments they connect to, rather than data on the entire Ether section chains, which makes the Ethers more accessible.

分片是以太坊区块链改进计划的一部分，将在 The Merge 之后发挥举足轻重的作用。

The film, which is part of the Taiwan block chain improvement plan, will play a significant role after The Merge.

信标链- 信标链是以太坊从 PoW 到 PoS 过渡的基础。现在，信标链和以太坊区块链并行运行，并且信标链引进了质押机制，这是向 PoS 过渡的前提。

beacon chain - The beacon chain is the basis for the Taipan transition from PoW to PoS. Now, the beacon chain runs in parallel with the Etaipan block chain, and the beacon chain introduces a pledge mechanism, which is a prerequisite for the transition to PoS.

很快，信标链会和现在的以太坊区块链合并，正式引入 PoS 共识作为以太坊区块链的共识机制，标志着以太坊未来的重要转折点。

Soon, the beacon chain will merge with the current Etherkom block chain, formally introducing the PoS Consensus as a consensus mechanism for the Etherkom block chain, marking an important turning point for the future of Ethera.

The Merge- 以 The Merge 这个术语可以恰到好处地结束这篇指南。在接下来的几个月，以太坊主网和信标链将进行合并，这是区块链行业有史以来最为广受瞩目的事件。

The Merge - In the term The Merge, this guide can be properly concluded. In the next few months, the Tepan network and beacon chain will be merged, the most visible event in the history of the block chain industry.

仅在几个月后，以太坊的 PoW 时代就将迎来它的落幕，而这种共识机制转换的反响可能是异常轰动的。如果因为某些原因，The Merge 失败了，那么它必将引起整个加密界的轩然大波。但如果合并成功，这意味着我们离以太坊成为全球结算层这一天更接近了。

Only a few months from now, the PoW era will be at its end, and the resonance of this mechanism of consensus may be extraordinary. If, for some reason, The Merge fails, it will certainly cause the entire encryption community to stagger.

资料

information

到这就结束啦！这是一篇入门以太坊的简易指南。

That's it! It's a simple guide to the introduction to the Etherms.

在深入了解特定的区块链特征之前，我们首先了解了区块链是什么以及区块链为何如此重要。

Before understanding in depth the characteristics of a particular block chain, we first know what the block chain is and why it is so important.

接着，我们探讨了一些构建在以太坊区块链上的拔尖应用；钱包、DeFi、DAOs、NFTs 。

We then explored some of the cutting-edge applications that were built on the Etheria block chain; wallets, DeFi, DAOs, NFTs.

之后，我们用以太坊的未来探讨来结束这篇指南，它主要探讨了权益证明共识机制的变迁，以及描绘了以太坊希望如何解决区块链的三角悖论。

After that, we ended this guide with the future exploration of the Taiyana, which focused on the evolution of the consensus-building mechanism for evidence of interests, and on the triangular paradox of how Ether would like to resolve the block chain.

所有这些定义都是复杂话题的简化版本，但我还是希望这篇指南可以激发读者们深入探索以太坊世界的欲望。在下文，我为那些希望进一步学习的读者收集了一些资料。如果你们希望向我提出问题或是给予反馈，来推特上给我留言吧！

All these definitions are simplified versions of complex topics, but I hope that this guide will inspire readers to explore in depth the aspirations of the Etherworld. Here, I gather some information for readers who want to learn further. If you want to ask me questions or give feedback, leave me a message on Twitter.

感谢Josh Stark、Bethany Crystal、Daniel Schlabach、Nico Kuzak、Adam Tzur、Naz Rizvic、还有Miguel Lemos，在这里谢谢你们贴心的帮助还有反馈！

Thanks to Josh Stark, Bethany Crystal, Daniel Schlabach, Nico Kuzak, Adam Tzur, Naz Rizvic and Miguel Lemos, for your kind help and feedback!

接下来去好地方：

以下资料是我和 Josh Stark 在 2021 年底开始编译后，由以太坊社区在这个文档中收集而成。

The following information was collected in this document by the Etheraya community after Josh Stark and I started compiling it at the end of 2021.

通用资料

General information

· What is Ethereum? | ethereum.org- 结合涵盖一些前沿话题的资料链接来学习这个话题 ·ETHHub- 这个社区保存着覆盖各式各样的以太坊话题的资源 ·Ethereum Foundation Youtube Channel- 以太坊会谈和社区开发者电话会议 ·Devcon archive- 每年Devcon会议的所有视频和谈话的存档资料 ·Scott Sunarto’s Working in Web3 Handbook- 包含许多话题的手册 ·Blockchain@Berkeley Courses- 免费的加密货币在线课程 ·Finematics- 解释以太坊上许多话题的视频，如web 3, defi ·Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians- 为加密货币社区提供一席之地的论坛，任何人都可以参加、创建话题以及主要探讨以太坊生态昔日的EIPs和技术难题。 ·text- 囊括各种以太坊相关话题的以太坊维基百科。

• What is Etheeum? org - Learning in conjunction with information links covering a number of cutting-edge topics : ETHHUB - This community maintains resources covering a wide range of topics in Etheria : Etherium Foundation Yourtube Channel — Telephonic sessions with community developers : Devcon arcial information on all videos and conversations from Devcon meetings every year : Scott Sunarto’s Working in Web3 Handbook — a handbook containing many topics : Blockchaiin @Berkeley Courses — an online course on encryption money free of charge : Finematics — explaining videos from the taupules on many topics, such as Web 3, defi Fellowship of Economic Technology — providing a forum for the encrypt currency community — anyone could participate in, create topics and discuss the issues and issues of the main eco-based physics and technical issues of the Et-based t-panel.

博客、视频和研究

Blogs, videos and research

· Week in Ethereum News

· Paradigm Research

· https://newsletter.thedefiant.io/

· Bankless

· The Daily Gwei

· The Block

· Decrypt

· Dark Star

· Messari Research Hub

· a16z Crypto Canon

· Linda Xie’s Beginner Guides

· Tim Beiko’s AllCoreDevs Updates

· Ben Edgington’s What’s New in Eth2 blog

· Polynya – Medium

· Ethereum: The Infinite Garden (feature documentary film in production)

· Gaby's Web3 Reading List

Podcast

· Into The Bytecode

· Bankless

· The Daily Gwei

· Into The Ether

· a16z

· Into The Ether

· Unchained

· Epicentertext

· ZK Podcast

· Uncommon Core

· Redefined Life

书籍

Books

· The Infinite Machine

· Out of the Ether

· Mastering Ethereum (free online)

· Finite and Infinite Games

这篇指南的链接

link to the guide

· Graphical Guide to Understanding Uniswap

· Ethereum EVM Illustrated

· Understanding the Ethereum Yellow Paper

· Understanding Ethereum

· Punk6529 tweet thread

· Understanding Rollup Economics

· The Architecture of a Web3.0 Application返回搜狐，查看更多

· The Treaty of a Web3.0 Application returned to search for more

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