DAO（去中心化自治组织）

DAO的概念自2016年才正式诞生，至今对DAO的明确定义仍然缺乏，但已有机构就DAO是什么提出见解。维基百科指出的：DAO 是一个以公开透明的计算机代码来体现的组织，它的金融交易记录和程序规则均保存在区块链上。

The concept of DAO was only formally created in 2016, and to date there is still no clear definition of DAO, but there are institutions that provide insights into what a DAO is. Wikipedia points out that DAO is an organization represented by open and transparent computer codes, and that its financial transaction records and rules of procedure are kept on the block chain.

龚鸣指出，DAO 是一个完全自动运行的公司，任何人都可以随意地加入和退出，而股权(代币)成为系统中运行的唯一货币，让收入、利润等概念完全消失，随着组织生态的发展壮大，通过代币(股权)升值的方式让参与者获利

Gong Ming points out that DAO is a fully automated company that can be joined and withdrawn by anyone at will, while equity (demons) becomes the only currency operating in the system, disappears the concepts of income, profit, etc., and benefits the participants through the appreciation of the tokens (equity) as the organic ecology grows.

《区块链行业元宇宙(六)：元宇宙的运行之“DAO”》^[1]指出DAO一般指通过区块链、智能合约、通证经济等技术实现的组织，参与者有着共同的目标，以网络远程形式进行协作，用代码而非法律保障利益关系。DAO的发展依赖于区块链技术，区块链智能合约平台保障了代码的可信运行，使得组织规则能够程序化，通过程序设计再将规则的制定权交给社区。通证经济的发展主要体现在去中心化金融设施、通证治理工具以及通证机制的探索(例如流动性挖矿)，这些生态应用为DAO提供了共识凝聚、社区激励的金融工具

“DAO” (VI) for the functioning of the meta-cosmos ^[1] indicates that DAO generally refers to organizations that are realized through technology such as block chains, smart contracts, and the licensed economy, and that participants have a common goal of collaborating remotely on the web, using codes rather than legal security interests. DAO development relies on block-chain technology, and the block-chain smart contract platform guarantees the credible operation of the code, enabling the organization’s rules to be procedurally programmed and re-design rules to the community through process design. The development of the pass-through economy is reflected mainly in decentralized financial facilities, pass-governance tools, and the exploration of pass-through mechanisms (e.g. mobile mining), which provide DAO with consensus-building, community-incentive financial instruments.

总而言之，DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Corporations)中文意思为去中心化的自治组织，是一个以公开透明的计算机代码来体现的组织，其受控于组织成员，并不受集中控制或第三方干预，一个分布式自治组织的金融交易记录和程序规则是保存在区块链中的。传统组织需要不同层级成员之间的高度信任，DAO 的核心规则和治理由智能合约处理。

In summary, the DAO (decentralized Autonomous Corporations) in Chinese means a decentralised self-governing organization, an organization represented by an open and transparent computer code, controlled by its members and free from centralized control or third-party interference, and the financial transactions records and rules of procedure of a distributed self-governing organization are kept in the chain of blocks. Traditional organizations require a high degree of trust among members at different levels, and the core rules and governance of the DAO are dealt with by smart contracts.

(1)DAO概念开始：DAO概念由最初没有阶级制、没有严格制度的组织机构的同行生产概念，随着扁平化概念与互联网技术的演进逐渐演化成实现更加去中心化的决策和更低成本的运行的动态网民群体组织(Cyber Movement Organizations，CMOs)。2013年DanielLaimer提出真正意义上的去中心化自治概念Decentralized Autonomous Corporation(DAC)，同时基于DAC概念创建了BitShares。

(1) The DAO concept begins: the DAO concept is the concept of production by peers of organizations that were not originally class-based and without strict systems, and has evolved as the concept of flattening and Internet technology evolved into the organization of dynamic cyber-groups (Cyber Movement Organizations, CMOs). In 2013, Daniel Laimer proposed the concept of decentralized autonomy in the true sense of the term, Decentralized Autonomous Corporation (DAC), and created BitShares based on the DAC concept.

(2) DAO概念的诞生：2016年4月，ChristophJentzsch首度公开The DAO代码在GitHub，也推出相应网站进行DAO的众筹活动。该获得持续28天，获得了以太币当时发行总量的14%(1.5亿美元)。The DAO项目完全去中心化且透明，任何人均可查看核心代码，投资者们也没有将筹得的资金集中储备，而是拥有资金的The DAO通证，通证能够用来进行项目投票。然而由于代码漏洞使得ETH被盗取，6000万美元被黑客窃走，The DAO在2016年9月被关闭，以太坊链社区核心成员通过硬分叉将资金转出，然后返回资金给The DAO的成员。

(2) Creation of the DAO concept: In April 2016, ChristophJentzsch first disclosed the DAO code in GitHub, and launched the corresponding website for the DAO campaign. For 28 days, the DAO received 14% (US$ 150 million) of the total amount issued in NT at that time. The DAO project was completely decentralised and transparent, and anyone had access to the core code, and investors did not centralize the funds raised, but had the DAO pass, which could be used to vote on the project. However, due to the code gap, ETH was stolen, US$ 60 million was stolen by hackers, and the DAO was closed in September 2016, transferring the funds through hard splits by the core community members of the TA chain and then returning the funds to the members of the DAO.

(1)分布式与去中心化(distributed and decentralized)DAO 中不存在中心节点以及层级化的管理架构，它通过自下而上的网络节点之间的交互、竞争与协作来实现组织目标。因此，DAO 中节点与节点之间、节点与组织之间的业务往来不再由行政隶属关系所决定，而是遵循平等、自愿、互惠、互利的原则，由彼此的资源禀赋、互补优势和利益共赢所驱动。每个组织节点都将根据自己的资源优势和才能资质，在通证的激励机制的作用下有效协作，从而产生强大的协同效应。

(1) The distributional and decentralized DAO does not have a central node and a hierarchical management structure, which achieves organizational goals through interaction, competition and collaboration between bottom-up network nodes. Therefore, transactions between nodes and nodes, node and organization are no longer determined by administrative affiliation, but are driven by the principles of equality, voluntariness, reciprocity, mutual benefit, and mutual advantage, driven by each other’s resource endowment, complementarity of advantages and co-benefits. Each node of each organization, based on its resource strengths and merit, effectively collaborates under the role of a passivity incentive mechanism, thus generating strong synergies.

(2)自主性与自动化(autonomous and automated)在一个理想状态的 DAO 中，管理是代码化、程序化且自动化的。“代码即法律”(code is law)，组织不再是金字塔式而是分布式，权力不再是中心化而是去中心化，管理不再是科层制而是社区自治，组织运行不再需要公司而是由高度自治的社区所替代。此外，由于 DAO 运行在由利益相关者共同确定的运行标准和协作模式下，组织内部的共识和信任更易达成，可以最大限度地降低组织的信任成本、沟通成本和交易成本。

(2) Autonomy and automation (autonomous and automated) in an ideal state of DAO, management is coded, programmed and automated. " Code is law ", the organization is no longer pyramid-type but distributed, power is no longer centralized but decentralized, management is no longer stratification but community autonomy, and the organization no longer operates as a company but is replaced by highly autonomous communities. Moreover, since DAO operates under operating standards and collaborative models defined by stakeholders, consensus and trust within the organization can be more easily achieved, minimizing the trust, communication and transaction costs of the organization.

(3)组织化与有序性(organized and ordered) 依赖于智能合约，DAO 中的运转规则、参与者的职责权利以及奖惩机制等均公开透明。此外，通过一系列高效的自治原则，相关参与者的权益得到精准分化与降维，即给那些付出劳动、做出贡献、承担责任的个体匹配相应的权利和收益，以促进产业分工以及权利、责任、利益均等，使得组织运转更加协调、有序。

(3) Organization and order depend on smart contracts, and the rules of operation of the DAO, the rights of participants and the mechanisms of rewards and punishments are transparent. Moreover, through a series of efficient principles of self-government, the interests of the participants concerned are precisely divided and reduced, i.e., the rights and benefits of individuals who work, contribute, assume responsibilities in order to promote a division of labour and equal rights, responsibilities, interests, etc., and to make the organization more coherent and orderly.

(4)智能化与通证化(intelligence and tokenization)DAO 底层以封装了支持 DAO 及其衍生应用的所有基础设施——互联网基础协议、区块链技术、人工智能、大数据、物联网等为技术支撑，以数字化、智能化、链上链下协同治理为治理手段，改变了传统的科层制以及人为式管理方式，实现了组织的智能化管理。通证(token)作为 DAO 治理过程中的重要激励手段，将组织中的各个元素(例如人、组织、知识、事件、产品等)比特化、通证化，从而使得货币资本、人力资本以及其他要素资本充分融合，更好地激发组织的效能和实现价值流转^[2]。

(4) Intelligence and metrology (intelligence and tokenization) DAO at the bottom is technologically supported by all infrastructure that supports DAO and its derivative applications — Internet infrastructure protocols, block chain technology, artificial intelligence, big data, access to things, etc. — which transforms traditional hierarchies and man-made management to achieve intelligent management of the organization through digitalization, intelligence, co-governance under the chain and better integration of monetary capital, human capital, and other elements of capital, and better stimulation of organizational effectiveness and value flow ^{[2]/supp> as important incentives in the DAO governance process.}

根据《区块链行业元宇宙(六)：元宇宙的运行之“DAO”》^[1]相比公司，DAO的不同主要体现在

The difference between DAO and the company according to the “DAO” of the functioning of the block chain industry (VI): the “DAO” ^[1]

(1)DAO的组织规则由程序自主运行，组织规则最终的保障是代码而非法律。区块链技术保障程序的去中心化运行，程序规则限制着组织成员。这种事前约束使得DAO能在更低信任的模式下形成组织，用户可以匿名、跨国参与组织。

(1) The organizational rules of DAO are operated autonomously by the process, and ultimately the rules of the organization are code-based and not law-based. The decentralised operation of the block chain technical security procedure limits the organization’s membership in the rules of procedure.

(2)参与者与所有者的身份边界消失，DAO的参与者一般也是通证持有人。除了参与构建项目所获得的报酬，参与者也能够共享组织发展带来的经济利益；而这种利益上的统一进一步强化组织共识。

(2) The identity border between the participants and the owners disappears, and DAO participants are generally also holders of certificates. In addition to the remuneration received for their participation in the construction of the project, participants are also able to share the economic benefits of the organization’s development; this unity of interest further strengthens the organizational consensus.

(3) DAO的信息透明，大部分项目代码开源，任何用户都可以获得组织的全部信息。可以说相较于公司，DAO 不设置信息门槛，这最大程度地激励了组织内部竞争。能力强，社区支持的任一参与者将很快到达一个重要位置，主导业务的开展，能力和声誉的效用将被最大化。

3) DAO information is transparent, most of the project code is open-sourced, and any user has access to all of the organization’s information. It can be said that, in contrast to companies, DAO does not set information thresholds, which maximizes intra-organizational competition.

(4)DAO是自由开放的，用户可以为多个DAO工作，也可以随时退出。当然也有少部份DAO设置了进入的筛选门槛，但往往都是非常早期的项目。这种特性带来两个最主要的好处，第一是因为DAO间的资源流动比公司更加高效频繁，行业间的信息沟通尤其深入，大大加快了创新和资源配置，让区块链成为发展速度最快的行业之一；第二是用户随时进入和退出，有着相同目标的参与者进入组织，对组织路线不满意的随时退出，让组织达成共识的速度更快。

(4) DAOs are free and open, and users can work on multiple DAOs or quit at any time. There are, of course, a few DAOs with screening thresholds for entry, but often very early projects. The two most important benefits of this feature are the fact that the flow of resources between DAOs is more efficient and more frequent than the company, that inter-industry information is more intensive, that innovation and resource allocation are much faster, that the block chain is one of the fastest-growing industries; and that users are ready to enter and exit, that participants with the same goals enter the organization, that they are not satisfied with the organization's route and that the organization's consensus is faster.

(5)DAO不需要紧密的组织结构，而是去中心化地做出决策。与公司不同的是，DAO的决策是集体做出的，而不是由CEO或高管层做出的，规则的变更与执行是一步到位的。实际上，拥有一个或预定数量的DAO原生代币的成员可以提案更改智能合约、提出倡议、投资想法等并对其投票，具体方式因具体DAO而不同，从而推动DAO发展壮大。

(5) Unlike companies, where DAO decisions are made collectively, not by CEOs or executives, changes in rules and enforcement are made one step at a time. In practice, members with one or a predetermined amount of DAO original coins can propose and vote on changes in smart contracts, initiatives, investment ideas, etc., in a manner different from that of specific DAOs.

基于组织的目标，当前通过智能合约平台发展的DAO应用可以协议型DAO、投资型 DAO、赠款型 DAO、服务型 DAO、媒体型 DAO、社交型 DAO 和收藏型 DAO等多个大类。

Based on organizational objectives, DAO applications currently developed through smart contract platforms can be agreed upon in several broad categories such as DAO, Investment DAO, Grant DAO, Service DAO, Media DAO, Social DAO and Collection DAO.

(1)协议型DAO：目标是构建一个协议，很多Defi均由背后的DAO支持运营。大部分Defi 社区都可以视为协议型 DAO，包括 MakerDAO、Uniswap、AAVE 等。

(1) Protocol DAO: The goal is to build an agreement, many of which are operated with the support of the DAO behind it.

(2)投资型DAO：目标是给社区带来投资收益回报

(2) Investment-based DAO: The objective is to bring a return on investment to the community

(3)捐赠型DAO：目标是促进社区生态发展，通过拨款支持新的区块链项目，更加重视生态发展而不是项目回报，这是区别于投资型DAO的地方。目前的捐赠型 DAO 有 MolochDAO、UniswapGrants、CompoundGrants 等。

(iii) Donation DAO: The objective is to promote community eco-development by allocating funds to support new block-chain projects, with a greater emphasis on ecological development than on project returns, which is distinct from the investment DAO. The current donation DAO has Moloch DAO, UniswapGrants, CompoundGrants, etc.

(4)服务型DAO：目标是实现人才的分配，让人们可以为开放的区块链项目工作。目前的服务型DAO 包括 YGG、Gitcoin 等，他们都搭建一个去中心化治理的平台，组织人们为区块链项目工作

(4) Service DAO: The goal is to achieve the distribution of talent so that people can work on open block chain projects. The current service DAO includes YGG, Gitcoin, etc., all of whom build a platform for decentralised governance and organize people to work on block chain projects.

(5)媒体型DAO：目的是制作公开的媒体内容，让任何人都可以参与到媒体的创作中。通常会设置内容制作的激励计划，社区走向由去中心化治理决定。目前的媒体型 DAO 包括 BanklessDAO、Forefront、MediaDAO 等。

(5) Media DAO: The aim is to produce public media content that allows anyone to participate in the production of the media. Incentives for content production are usually set up, and the community moves to decentralised governance.

(6)社交型DAO：更加重视搭建多元化链接的网络社区。与聊天社群最大的区别是把从利益关系上绑定了社区网友，让他们共同参与制定规则。社交型 DAO 的最终目的还是聚拢一群具有相同兴趣的人，但是通过代币经济能够更加强化这种网络关系。

The biggest difference with chat communities is to bind the interests of the community and involve them in setting the rules. The ultimate goal of the social DAO is to bring together a group of people with similar interests, but this network can be strengthened through the currency economy.

(7)收藏者型DAO：目标是收藏 NFT 数字艺术品，并把艺术家、爱好者、平台、作品黏合起来，创造数字艺术的长期价值。目前的收藏者DAO 包括 WhaleDAO、MeetbitsDAO、PleasrDAO等。

(7) Collector-type DAO: The objective is to collect NFT digital art and to bind artists, lovers, platforms, and works to create the long-term value of digital art. The current collector DAO includes WhaleDAO, MeetsDAO, PleasrDAO, etc.

协议DAO：以去中心化为特点，通过构建和执行协议进行运作的公司 ；

Agreement DAO: Companies operating through the construction and implementation of the agreement, characterized by decentralisation & nbsp;

社交DAO：以共同的理念为基础，旨在创建一个强大的社区 ；

Social DAO: based on a common vision aimed at creating a strong community & nbsp;

投资DAO：类似基金，通过聚集资本和投资者，部署投资计划 ；

Investing in DAO: similar funds to deploy investment plans by pooling capital and investors & nbsp;

资助DAO ：激励开发预先存在项目之外的项目，旨在构建更广泛的生态系统 ；

Funding DAO: To stimulate the development of projects other than pre-existing projects aimed at building broader ecosystems & nbsp;

服务DAO：类似“人才聚合器”，将可用于某些项目的人力资本聚集在一起 ；

Service DAO: a "brain polymer" similar to the "brain polymer" that brings together human capital that can be used for certain projects & nbsp;

媒体DAO：协作制作公共内容，包括涵盖的主题类别以及资源管理等 ；

Media DAO: Collaborative production of public content, including thematic categories covered and resource management & nbsp;

创作DAO：类似粉丝群体，为支持偶像、创作者或艺术家的组织工作 ；

Creation of DAO: a group of fans who work in support of the organization of idols, creators or artists & nbsp;

收集DAO：围绕某些资产或者收藏品将收藏家联合起来，常见如 NFT

Collection of DAO: Collecting collectors around certain assets or collections, such as NFT

目前DAO的治理分为链上治理、链下治理，也有提供标准化治理功能的DAO操作系统。链上治理的特点在于投票和结果执行完全去中心化，链下治理更多依靠工具实现社区对开发团队的弱约束。项目往往在初期会采取链下治理，决策的集中会给项目发展更大的灵活性。但随着项目的成熟与功能稳定，项目会转向完全去中心化的链上治理，真正实现代码约束下的自治。

Currently, DAO governance is divided into chain governance, chain governance, and a DAO operating system that provides standardized governance functions. Chain governance is characterized by a complete decentralisation of voting and results implementation, with chain governance relying more on tools to achieve community constraints on development teams.

(1)链上治理：完全由社区控制的规则链上治理是通过智能合约实现去中心化的决策执行，参与者的投票结果将直接影响智能合约，并不受任何主体影响。执行投票的目的是批准或拒绝对系统状态的更改。每种投票类型都由智能合约管理，提案合约是通过编程的方式写入了一个或多个有效治理行为的智能合约，任意以太坊地址都可以部署。通证持有人以投票形式决定是否执行提案，投票通过后自动执行提案程序。主要以去中心化借货应用Compound治理过程；

(i) chain governance: governance in the chain of rules controlled exclusively by the community is implemented through decentralised decision-making through smart contracts, where the voting results of the participants directly affect the intellectual contract and are not influenced by any subject. The purpose of the voting is to approve or reject changes to the system's state. Each type of vote is managed by a smart contract, which is programmed to include one or more smart contracts for effective governance, which can be deployed at any time in a talisman's address.

Compound治理框架下，项目的治理是完全去中心化的，特征是代码开源、资产自由流动、人员自由贡献、社区投票表决、治理结果执行不受干扰。目前Compound团队发明的Compound Governance，是最主流的链上治理架构。根据DeepDAO数据，AUM前十名的DAO中，有接近一半采用了CompoundGovernance，而GnosisSafe 和Snapshot 是一种链下的治理方式，可见Compound治理模式在链上治理中的重要性。但链上治理存在三大缺点:“慢”、“贵”、“局限性”，因此大部分DAO在发展初期会采取链下治理的方式进行过渡。

Under the Compound governance framework, the governance of the project is completely decentralised, characterized by open source code, free movement of assets, free contribution of people, community voting, and uninterrupted implementation of governance outcomes. The Compound Governance, currently invented by the Compound team, is the most mainstream chain governance structure. According to DeepDAO data, nearly half of the top 10 DAOs in AUM have adopted CompoundGovernance, while Gnosis Safe and Snapshot are a chain-based approach to governance, as can be seen from the importance of the Compound governance model in chain governance.

(2)链下治理：通过工具实现的权力制衡链下治理指的是社区通过链下方式实现治理和结果执行，一般通过各类工具地使用，实现社区与开发团队的权利制衡:I、投票并存证上链，由开发团队根据投票结果进行开发。目前最主流的投票应用Snapshot ，Snapshot 对用户链，上投票权的快照(得益于区块链数据的开放性)， 并根据项目治理规则让用户在链下实现投票，大大节省了与合约交互所需要的手续费。II、社区核心成员通过多签钱包管理社区金库，并公示金库地址受社区监督。目前最主流的多签钱包是GnosisSafe。III、社交网络工具实现信息同步。Twitter、Telegram、Discord 是DAO所使用的最主要的社交网络工具。可以看出，链下治理并没有实现“代码即法律”，而是通过工具辅助、信息公开、核心成员的声誉以及Token持有人的“用脚投票”(即随时可以将投资转移到其他项目)实现了制约。

(b) Governance under the chain of power through tools: governance under the chain of power is achieved by the community through the chain of governance and implementation of results, generally through the use of various tools to achieve checks and balances between the community and development teams: I, voting in combination with the chain of certificates, developed by the development team on the basis of the results of the ballot. The most mainstream voting applications are currently Snapshot, Snapshot over the user chain, snapshots of the right to vote (benefiting from the openness of block data) and, according to the rules of project governance, allowing users to vote under the chain significantly saves the transaction costs required to interact with the contract. II, core community members manage the community treasury through multiple wallets, which are monitored by the community. III. The most mainstream wallets are Gnosis Safe. III. Social web tools synchronize information. Twitter, Telegram, Discord are the most important social networking tools used by DAO.

从运行框架上看，DAO核心包含以下栈层：一个底层的技术结构、 技术应用架构、激 励、治理、价值形态、价值创造方式和共同的目标构成。

In terms of the operating framework, the DAO core consists of the following layers: a bottom technology structure, technology application architecture, motivation, governance, value patterns, value creation methods and common target composition.

根据《溯元育新：DAO人类协作的新疆域》^[3]指出，最受欢迎的五个DAO分别是Bankless DAO、Index Coop DAO、dOrg DAO、Gitcoin DAO、DAOSquare

The five most popular DAOs are Bankless DAO, Index Coop DAO, dOrg DAO, Gitcoin DAO, DAOSquare, according to Retrogent: The New Territory of DAO Human Collaboration ^[3]

Bankless DAO -致力于推进「没有银行」的货币系统，实际上是想做Crypto/Web3.0的世界银行。

Bankless DAO - Working to advance the "no bank" monetary system, actually wants to be Crypto/Web3.0 for the World Bank.

Index Coop DAO-致力于做最好的加密指数产品；与此同时，让更多人接受加密指数产品。

Index Coop DAO - is committed to doing the best encrypt index products; at the same time, it allows more people to accept encrypt index products.

dOrg DAO-2018年成立的时候，在支持去中心化社区；现在升级到支持Web3.0。

dOrg DAO was established in 2018 to support decentralised communities; it has now been upgraded to support Web3.0.

Gitcoin DAO-致力于搞Web3.0。目前通过四种途径:赚钱、学习、社交、投资。

Gitcoin DAO - is working on Web3.0.

DAOSquare-Web3.0孵化器，对标Y-Combinator。

DAOSquare-Web 3.0 Incubator, puncture Y-Combinator.

参考资料：

References:

[1]区块链行业元宇宙（六）：元宇宙的运行之“DAO”-211125（27页）.pdf

[1] block chain industry metaco (six): “DAO”-21125(27).pdf

[2]丁文文，王帅，李娟娟，袁勇，欧阳丽炜，王飞跃.去中心化自治组织：发展现状、分析框架与未来趋势[J].智能科学与技术学报，2019，1(02)

[2] Tin Wen, King, Lee, Yuan Yong, Ouyang Li, Wang Fei-jung... Decentralised Autonomous Organization: development status, analytical framework and future trends [J]. Journal of Smart Science and Technology, 2019, 1 (02)

[3]溯元育新：DAO人类协作的新疆域（199页）.pdf

[3] Retroduction: Xinjiang of DAO Human Collaboration (199).pdf

相关报告

Relevant reports

通信行业元宇宙深度报告：十问元宇宙如何将抽象的概念具象化？-211111（89页）.pdf

: How can the ten-year universe visualize abstract concepts? 211111 (p.89).pdf