去年，以太坊区块空间的使用需求出现了激增。最近的关注导致以太坊网络的交易费用（即ETH gas价格）有时上升到令人痛苦的水平。
Last year xff0c; there has been a surge in demand for space use in the Etherms. Recent concerns have led to transaction costs for the Etherms network xff08; i.e. ETH gas prices xff09; sometimes rising to painful levels.
从好的方面来看，这表明以太坊的基础层非常有用，并且许多人互相竞价以及时进行交易处理。
On the positive side, xff0c; this suggests that the base layer in Taiku is very useful xff0c; and that many people compete with each other and deal with each other in a timely manner.
相反，为了使以太坊不断向主流发展，它需要扩大规模，以便能够提供即时和廉价的交易，并满足数十亿用户的需求，而不仅仅是数千名用户。
On the contrary, xff0c; in order to keep Etheria moving to the mainstream xff0c; it needs to be scaled up xff0c; it can provide instantaneous and cheap transactions xff0c; and it can meet the needs of billions of users xff0c; not just thousands of users.
那么，好消息是，一个二层（L2）扩容解决方案的生态系统已经在以太坊周围蓬勃发展，并为大众提供了以多种方式扩展以太坊的途径。我们说“二层（L2）”，因为这些创新的工作原理是从区块链的外围附加到以太坊，而不是通过对这个智能合约平台的基础层进行修改。
So xff0c; the good news is xff0c; a second layer xff08; L2） the ecosystem of the augmentation solution has flourished around the etherm, xff0c; and offers the public a way to expand the etherm in many ways. We say, “Second level xff08; L2xff09; xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; these innovative working principles are attached from the edges of the chain to the etherm xff0c; rather than by modifying the base of this smart contract platform.
因此，我们现在展望未来，以太坊将借助一系列不同的L2解决方案为大众服务。接下来，在今天的文章中，让我们调查迄今为止最流行的各种L2方案，并考察以太坊最有前途的L2项目当前的发展状况。
So xff0c; now we look to the future xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; in today's article xff0c; let's look at the most popular L2 programs to date xff0c; and look at the current state of development of the most promising L2 project in Ethio.
在未来的几年中，以太坊最终将通过分片来扩展L1（即基础层），从而将以太坊的活动划分到64个主链而不是1个。
In the coming years, xff0c; xff08; xff08; xff09; xff0c; xff0c; and 64 chains instead of 1 chain of #4 activities.
但是，分片实施尚需时日。该创新的扩展优势可以与L2工具协同工作，因此，在该网络的关键过渡时期，随着项目竞相帮助以太坊进行扩展，我们已经看到L2领域在最近几个月真正蓬勃发展。
But xff0c; xff0c; xff0c. The advantage of this innovation could be to work with the L2 tool xff0c; thus xff0c; xff0c in the key transition period of the network; xff0c as projects compete to help expand xff0c; we have seen that the L2 field has really flourished in recent months.
到目前为止，我们已经看到了三种主要的L2模式：
So far xff0c; we've seen three major L2 models xff1a;
状态通道
State Channel
侧链
Sidelinks
Rollup
而其中Rollup又可以分为：
And Rollup can be divided into #xff1a.
Optimistic Rollup（ORU）
zkRollup（ZRU）
Plasma
Validium
来源：Token Terminal
状态通道
状态通道通过促进链下交易来减轻以太坊基础层的负担。状态通道要求用户将以太坊状态的快照存入多重签名合约（与用户将比特币存入闪电网络的支付通道的方式不同）。该状态将包含关键数据，例如在给定时间的地址ETH持有量。这样的系统允许具有即时确定性和优越隐私性的免费链下交易。
The status channel eases the burden on the tatai base by facilitating below-chain transactions. The status channel requires users to deposit multi-signature contracts with snapshots of the ephemeral state xff08; xff09; xff09; xff09;. This state will contain key data xff0c; e.g. address ETH holding for a given time. Such a system allows transactions under a free chain with immediate certainty and privileged privacy.
侧链
侧链是具有自己的独立共识规则的独立区块链，可以以托管方式转移以太坊交易，以减轻以太坊主网的负担。
Side chains are stand-alone blocks with their own rules of independent consensus & #xff0c; they can transfer #xff0c by hosting; and they can reduce the burden on the Etherm network.
Rollups
Rollups类似于高级的非托管侧链，可以广泛扩展以太坊主网的吞吐能力。到目前为止，Rollup有四个主要方向：Optimistic Rollup（ORU），zkRollups（ZRU），Plasma链和Validium链。
Rollups are similar to the advanced non-hosting side chain & #xff0c; the capacity to vomit on the Taiwan main network can be expanded widely. To date & #xff0c; Rollup has four main directions ： Optimistic Rollup（ ORU） #xff0c; zkRollups（ ZRU） ff0c; Plasma chain and Validium chain.
资料来源：buildblockchain.tech
Source & #xff1a; buildblockchain.tech
您可以根据这四种方向是在链上处理数据存储（ZRU，ORU）还是在链下处理数据存储 （Plasma，Validium），以及它们是通过零知识有效性证明（ZRU，Validium）还是通过存款罚没欺诈证明（ORU，Plasma），对它们进行对比。
In accordance with these four directions, you can process data storage on the chain xff08; ZRU， ORU） or under the chain & #xff08; Plasma， Validium） xff0c; xff08; ZRU， Validium） or by deposit fraud proof xff08; ORU， Plasma） xff0c; and compare them.
Connext
类别：状态通道
Category & #xff1a; Status channel
TPS：无限
TPS：infinite
Connext是一个状态通道项目，不仅旨在成为以太坊的L2解决方案，而且要成为以太坊的许多L2解决方案的跨链路由中心。在早期的L2领域中，人们担心的一个问题是，这些L2项目之间太过孤立。Connext的新型交叉L2传输系统在确保这个问题将来不会成为严重问题方面可以发挥关键作用。
Connext is a state channel project & #xff0c; it is intended not only to be the L2 solution & #xff0c for Ether, but also to be a cross-link centre for many L2 solutions for Ether. An early area of L2 & #xff0c; a worrying issue is & #xff0c; these L2 projects are too isolated. Connext's new cross-cutting L2 transmission system can play a key role in ensuring that this issue will not become a serious problem in the future.
xDai链
类别：侧链
Category & #xff1a; side chain
TPS：70
xDai链是一种基于EVM的侧链，其设计旨在以极其快速和稳定的方式促进交易。该项目以其STAKE代币为基础，共识提供者为了确保侧链安全而对此进行了质押。由于其高效性，xDai在最近几周变得越来越受欢迎。
The xDai chain is an EVM-based side chain & #xff0c; it is designed to facilitate transactions in an extremely fast and stable manner. The project is based on its STAKE token & #xff0c; the consensus provider has pledged it to ensure the safety of the side chain. Due to its efficiency xff0c; xDai has become increasingly popular in recent weeks.
POA Network
类别：侧链
Category & #xff1a; side chain
TPS：70
像xDai一样，POA Network是基于EVM的侧链，它依赖于一组受信任的验证器来推动快速和廉价的交易。该解决方案适用于支持从区块链游戏到社区货币的任何事物。
Like XDai xff0c; POA Network is based on the EVM side chain xff0c; it relies on a trusted set of authenticators to drive quick and cheap transactions. The solution applies to anything that supports a block chain game to a community currency.
Optimism
类别：ORU
Categoryxff1a;ORU
TPS：+20,000
采用该方案的著名项目：Uniswap，Compound，Synthetix
Prominent projects using the programme xff1a; Uniswap， Comboud， Synthetix
Optimism是一种ORU实施，正在像Synthetix之类的一些大型DeFi玩家中获得较早的关注。Optimism建立了OVM，这是一个基于L2的EVM，它使项目可以在L2上享受以太坊L1智能合约的所有好处。而且，Optimism已经在促进其主网的启动过程中，因此L2的好处即将到来。
Optimism is an ORU implementation & #xff0c; some large DeFi players like Synthetix are gaining early attention at home. Optimism has created OVM& #xff0c; this is an LVM& #xff0c based on L2; it allows the project to enjoy all the benefits of an Ether-L1 smart contract on L2. And xff0c; Optim is already facilitating the start-up of its main network xff0c; thus, the benefits of L2 are coming.
Fuel
类别：ORU
Categoryxff1a;ORU
TPS：+20,000
随着Fuel的第一个版本于2020年12月31日上线，Fuel成为第一个进入以太坊主网的ORU实施。此L2解决方案的巨大前景是超快速和超高效的代币支付。实际上，该项目的目标无非是成为“地球上的价值交换层”。
With Fuel's first version coming online on December 31, 2020 & #xff0c; Fuel became the first ORU to enter the Ethernonet. The great prospect of this L2 solution is super-fast and super-efficient currency payments. In fact & #xff0c; the goal of the project is simply to become a “value exchange layer on Earth”.
zkSync
类别：ZRU
Category & #xff1a;ZRU
TPS：+20,000
采用该方案的著名项目：Curve，Gitcoin，Balancer，Argent
Prominent projects using the programme xff1a; Curve， Gitcoin， Balancer， Argent
由Matter Labs创建的zkSync是基于ZRU的L2扩展解决方案，它使用零知识证明来提供高吞吐量和高安全性。已经与zkSync集成的以太坊项目包括Gitcoin和Golem。
The ZRU-based L2 extension & #xff0c, created by Matthew Labs, uses a zero-knowledge certificate to provide high throughput and high safety. The Etheria project, which has been integrated with ZkSync, includes Gitcoin and Golem.
路印（Loopring）
类别：ZRU
Category & #xff1a;ZRU
TPS：+16,000
Loopring是部署到以太坊的第一个zkRollup项目，目前在主网上运行了一年以上。Loopring基于ZRU的技术目前专注于扩展去中心化交易所（AMM和订单簿）和付款。该技术已在Loopring 3.6版本中可用，该版本还包括Loopring Exchange和Loopring Wallet产品。
Loopering is the first ZkRollup project & #xff0c to be deployed to Etheria; it is now running on the main web site for more than a year. The Loopring technology based on ZRU is currently focused on expanding the decentralised exchange & #xff08; AMM and order book & #xff09; and making payments. The technology is already available in the Loopring 3.6 version & #xff0c; it also includes Loopring Exchange and Loopring Wallet products.
StarkEx
类别：Validum
Category & #xff1a;Validum
TPS：+20,000
采用该方案的著名项目：dYdX，DeversiFi，Paraswap
Prominent projects using the programme xff1a; dYdX， DeversiFi， Paraswap
StarkEx的工作方式与zkRollups类似，主要区别在于StarkEx基于Validium的系统处理链下数据存储。与纯ZRU系统相比，这种动态特性使项目具有更高的吞吐能力。
StarkEx works in a manner similar to zkRollups xff0c; the main difference is that StarkEx stores data under a system processing chain based on Validium. xff0c compared to a pure ZRU system; this dynamic feature gives the project a higher capacity for vomiting.
各种各样的L2解决方案将在未来形成以太坊的扩展格局。这些解决方案正在我们眼前成形，以至于到2021年，以太坊周围的扩展规模可能会比我们以前见过的更多。这些项目不会是零和，而是可以协同工作以使以太坊每秒可以处理数百万笔交易，而不仅仅是数十笔。因此，L2解决方案将成为以太坊赢得主流用户并成为流行的国际结算系统的方式。
Various L2 solutions will evolve in the future. These solutions are taking shape in front of our eyes xff0c; to the extent that by 2021 xff0c; the scale of the expansion around the cell may be greater than we've seen before. These projects will not be zero and xff0c; they can work together so that the chamber can handle millions of transactions xff0c; not just dozens. So xff0c; the L2 solution will be a way to win mainstream users and become a popular international settlement system.
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