姓名:李昕洲? 学号:16030120026
Name: Li Xuan Chau No: 16030120026
转载自:http://m.uczzd.cn/webview/news?app=smds-iflow&aid=4745268840946623500&cid=0&zzd_from=smsc-normalindex&uc_param_str=dndsfrvesvntnwpfgicp&recoid=&rd_type=reco&sp_gz=0
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【嵌牛导读】:本文将为你介绍比特比及其被封杀的原因。
: This paper will provide you with an account of the Bitby and the reasons why it was blocked.
【嵌牛鼻子】:比特比、隐匿性、去中心化、风险、封杀。
: Bitby, Hiding, Decentization, Risk, Seal.
【嵌牛提问】:比特比是什么？有什么特性？为什么被封杀？
: What's the Bitby? What's the character? Why is it blocked?
【嵌牛正文】:
[Embedded cow text]:
比特币自诞生以来就备受争议，在近期更是是非不断。在11月初，中国三大比特币交易平台全部停止交易业务。在11月14日，四川电力公司给并网水电站下发紧急通知，称比特币生产属于非法经营，各并网电站全部停止比特币生产。
At the beginning of November, China’s three main Bitcoin trading platforms stopped trading. On November 14, Sichuan Power sent an emergency notice to the grid power station, claiming that Bitcoin production was illegal, and that all of the grid stations stopped Bitcoin production.
中国封杀比特币
China killed Bitcoin.
其实，中国并非第一个封杀比特币的国家，早在今年9月29日，韩国金融监管部门就下令封杀比特币。10月，俄罗斯总统普京表示，类似比特币这样的加密货币构成严重风险，允许人们洗钱、偷税漏税，甚至资助恐怖主义活动，制造那些势必会影响到普通公民的欺诈骗局。紧接着，俄罗斯央行第一副行长谢尔盖·什韦佐夫宣布俄罗斯将封禁提供比特币的网站。
Indeed, China was not the first country to block Bitcoin, as early as September 29th of this year, when South Korea’s financial regulatory authorities ordered the closure of Bitcoin. In October, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that encrypted currencies such as Bitcoin posed a serious risk of allowing money-laundering, tax evasion, and even the financing of terrorism, to create fraud schemes that would inevitably affect ordinary citizens.
那么，比特币到底是怎么一回事，为何俄罗斯、中国、韩国纷纷关闭比特币交易业务呢？
So, what's wrong with Bitcoin? Why are Russia, China, South Korea closing the Bitcoin deal?
比特币到底是什么
What the hell is Bitcoin?
在2008年前后，全球爆发了金融危机。在这个大背景下，一个日裔美国人中本聪提出了比特币的构想。在他的构想中，比特币没有一个固定的货币发行方，而是由计算机的算力生成。制造比特币的过程好比是采用大量计算机去解方程组，当计算出结果后，你就拥有了相应的比特币。
In his vision, Bitcoin did not have a fixed currency issuer, but was generated by computer computing. The process of manufacturing Bitcoin was like using a large number of computers to solve equations, and when the results were calculated, you had the corresponding bitcoin.
制造比特币的“矿机”
A miner for Bitcoin.
这样一来，任何接入网络的计算机都可以用于制造比特币。换言之，只要拥有计算机和网络，任何人都能参与制造比特币。这使比特币成为不受一国政府控制的货币。比特币的支持者一厢情愿的认为：2008年金融危机的爆发根源是某大国政府不受限制的滥发纸币，而比特币则摆脱了政府的控制，不会被滥发，是一种完美的货币。
That way, any computer connected to the network could be used to make bitcoin. In other words, anyone could be involved in making bitcoin as long as they had computers and networks.
也许有人会问，既然任何人都能参与制造比特币，比特币不是也会因参与制造者众多而导致滥发？
Perhaps someone would ask whether, since anyone could be involved in making bitcoin, bitcoin could also be misdirected by the large number of players involved.
中本聪在设计比特币时做了一个限制，将比特币的总量控制在2100万枚比特币。而且比特币制造的速度与制造比特币的计算机算力成反比。
In designing the bitcoin, China made a restriction by controlling the amount of bitcoins to 21 million bitcoins. And the speed of bitcoins is inversely proportional to the computing power of bitcoins.
也就是说，参与制造比特币的人越多，获得比特币的速度就变慢。打一个比方，制造比特币有一点像去淘金，一开始大家可以找到比较多的金子。然而金矿里的金子随着时间的推移被不断开采，大家找到的金子变得越来越少。在这种情况下，参与的人越多，每个人分到的金子就越少。
In other words, the more people involved in making bitcoin, the slower the speed with which they get bitcoin. By way of example, making bitcoin is a bit of gold-grabbing, and you can start to find more gold. But the gold in the gold mine is being exploited over time, and the less it is found.
中本聪就是用这种方式来控制比特币的制造速度，力图避免发生通货膨胀。
It is this way to control the speed at which Bitcoin is made and to avoid inflation.
本质上说，比特币就是消耗电力和计算资源获取一个数字符号。而且这个数字符号被全球一部分人认可具备一般等价物的功能，一定程度上具备了货币的功能。
In essence, Bitcoin is a digital symbol that consumes electricity and calculates resources. And this number symbol is recognized by some parts of the world as having general equivalents and, to some extent, monetary functions.
比特币假想图
Bitcoin scenario
比特币有哪些特点
What are the characteristics of Bitcoin?
比特币具有去中心化、全世界流通、隐匿性等特点。
Bitcoin is characterized by decentralisation, worldwide circulation, concealment, etc.
去中心化指的是比特币的发行和清算都不依赖于中央银行。美元、英镑、人民币这些货币由国家发行。而比特币则不一样，比特币是由计算机算力制造出来的，因而比特币的发行与任何一国的中央银行都没有关系。
Decentralization means that neither the issuance nor the liquidation of Bitcoins depends on the central bank. The dollar, the pound sterling, and the renminbi are issued by the state. Unlike Bitcoins, which are made by computer computing, the issue of Bitcoins has nothing to do with the central bank of any country.
同时，比特币的清算也没有一个中心化的支付系统。
At the same time, the liquidation of Bitcoin did not have a centralized payment system.
什么是中心化的支付系统呢？
What's a centralized payment system?
就以人民币为例，我们在网上购物时，通过工行网银向卖家账户打款1000元。如果卖家也是工行账户，那么，只是工行在你和卖家的账户上做数学加减。如果卖家的账户开设在农行，那么，就会发生工行和农行之间的资金转移，这时候就由中央银行的清算系统来完成，在工行的账户上做减法，在农行的账户上做加法。
In the case of the renminbi, for example, when we are shopping online, we charge 1,000 dollars to the seller’s account through a web-based bank account. If the seller is also a firm’s account, then only the firm does mathematics plus or minus on your and the seller’s account. If the seller’s account is in the farmer’s bank, then there will be a transfer of funds between the firm and the farmer’s office, which will be done by the central bank’s liquidation system, with a reduction in the bank’s account and an addition to the company’s account.
人民银行被誉为银行的银行
The People's Bank is known as a bank.
在整个过程中，中央银行的清算系统就是一个中心化的支付系统。每一笔资金的流向，每个账户有多少资金，只要查阅央行及各商业银行的记录就能看的一清二楚。
Throughout the process, the central bank’s liquidation system is a centralized payment system. The flow of every money, the amount of money in each account, is clear by reference to the central bank’s and commercial bank’s records.
相比之下，比特币是分布式的虚拟货币，采用了类似“广播”的清算模式。当发生一笔交易之后，会自动向临近网络节点的用户广播，这些用户在收到信息后又向周围网络节点的用户广播，产生多米诺骨牌效应向整个传播。从而使这笔交易被整个网络承认。
By contrast, Bitcoin is a distributed virtual currency, using a sort of “broadcast” mode of liquidation. When a transaction occurs, it is automatically broadcast to users close to the network node, who receive the information and then broadcast to users around the network node, resulting in a domino effect that spreads throughout.
比特币可以借助互联网在全球流通
Bitcoin has access to the Internet worldwide.
全世界流通指的是只要能接入互联网，任何人都可以制造、出售比特币。而且这种行为不受国家的限制。举例来说，在中国大家使用人民币，但若要到国外，就必须兑换外汇，使用国外的货币。
Worldwide circulation means that anyone can manufacture and sell bitcoins as long as they have access to the Internet. And such acts are not restricted by the state. For example, in China, the renminbi is used, but in order to travel abroad, it is necessary to exchange foreign currency and use foreign currency.
而比特币则可以跨越主权国家边界的限制，只要交易双方都认可比特币，比特币就能跨国流通。而且由于比特币不受任何一个国家的中央银行控制，因而可以通过互联网在全球范围内快速转移。
Bitcoin, on the other hand, can cross the borders of sovereign states, as long as both parties to the transaction agree to Bitcoin, which can circulate across borders. And, since Bitcoin is not controlled by any central bank of any country, it can be transferred rapidly across the globe through the Internet.
隐匿性指的是比特币允许使用者匿名支付。在传统银行的转账交易中，转账双方的身份都记录在银行的数据库中。而比特币交易可以在匿名的情况下完成，第三方很难查实交易双方的身份。
In traditional bank transfers, the identities of both parties are recorded in the bank’s database.
比特币的风险
Bitcoin's Risk
比特币交易之所以被俄罗斯、中国等国家叫停，主要是比特币本身存在很大风险和隐患。
Bitcoin transactions have been suspended by countries such as Russia and China mainly because of the great risks and dangers inherent in Bitcoin.
首先，比特币可以绕开政府监管。由于比特币的交易是高度隐匿的。这就使政府很难监控比特币交易。举例来说，在维基解密成为美国政府的眼中钉之后，美国政府迫使维萨、万事达卡、贝宝等支付公司关闭了维基解密的支付渠道。随后维基解密使用比特币进行支付，规避了美国政府的监管。
For example, after WikiLeaks became the United States government’s target, the US government forced payment companies such as Visa, MasterCard, and Baebao to shut down WikiLeaks’ payment channels. Then WikiLeaks used Bitcoins to make payments, circumventing the US government’s oversight.
比特币的隐匿性还使政府无法通过资金流向去追踪违法犯罪活动。这使比特币在很多灰色领域、血色领域大行其道。举例来说，在几个月前，勒索病毒在全球肆虐，黑客就要求受害者用比特币支付赎金。
Bitcoin’s covertness has also prevented governments from tracking criminal activity through the flow of funds. This has led Bitcoin to do so in many grey, blood-colored areas.
比特币已经被大量用于逃税、洗钱、走私、贩毒、人口贩卖、人体器官贩卖等非法领域，一些势力甚至还使用比特币来资助恐怖组织。
Bitcoin had been used extensively in such illegal areas as tax evasion, money-laundering, smuggling, drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings and trafficking in human organs, and some forces had even used bitcoin to finance terrorist organizations.
正是因此，俄罗斯总统普京公开声明：类似比特币这样的加密货币构成严重风险，允许人们洗钱、偷税漏税，甚至资助恐怖主义活动，制造那些势必会影响到普通公民的欺诈骗局。
It is for this reason that Russian President Putin has publicly stated that encrypted currencies such as Bitcoin pose a serious risk by allowing money-laundering, tax evasion and even the financing of terrorist activities, and by creating fraudulent schemes that will inevitably affect ordinary citizens.
由于比特币具有全球流通的特性，国内的财团可以将人民币换成比特币，然后再与国外的财团达成交易，将比特币兑换成美元或欧元。这样一来，就可以规避政府的外汇监管。一旦这种交易达到一定的规模，就有可能对国家金融安全造成负面影响。
Because of the global circulation of Bitcoins, domestic consortia can exchange the renminbi for bitcoins and then enter into transactions with abroad to convert bitcoins into United States dollars or euros. In this way, they can circumvent government foreign exchange regulations. Once such transactions reach a certain scale, they can have a negative impact on the country’s financial security.
其次，比特币本身毫无价值。进入奴隶制社会以来，人们广泛使用金银等贵金属作为货币。在确定金本位后，国家发行的纸币有相应份量的黄金作为担保。
Since entering a slavery society, precious metals such as gold and silver have been widely used as currencies. Once the gold standard has been established, the country has issued a banknote with a corresponding amount of gold as security.
虽然现在的纸币已经与黄金脱钩，但一国发行的纸币以该国的国家信用作抵押，该国的财政收入、自然资源、工业农业生产能力、黄金存储、外汇储备等都是纸币的有力保障。
Although banknotes are now delinked from gold, banknotes issued by a country are used as collateral in the country's national letter, and the country's fiscal revenues, natural resources, industrial agricultural production capacity, gold storage, foreign exchange reserves, etc. are a strong guarantee of paper currency.
相比之下，比特币并没有相对应的黄金做担保，也没有任何一个主权国家为比特币背书，这种网络货币本身不具备任何价值。比特币的价格完全是由国际炒家幕后操控的。
By contrast, Bitcoin does not guarantee the corresponding gold, nor does any sovereign country endorse it, and the Internet currency itself has no value. Bitcoin’s price is entirely controlled by the international players behind it.
马克思：金银天然不是货币，但货币天然是金银
Marx: Gold and silver are not natural currencies, but money are natural.
最后，比特币的设计存在瑕疵。像我们的账户里有多少钱，是存储在银行的数据库记录里，除了银行之外的任何人都无法修改你的账户。由于比特币本身没有中心化的支付系统，而是采用让大多数用户知晓的背书方式，也就是只要51%的网络节点用户认为您的账户里有100枚比特币，整个网络就认可您的账户里有100枚比特币。
Finally, bitcoin's design is flawed. Like how much money is in our accounts, stored in the bank's database records, no one can modify your account except the bank. Because bitcoin itself does not have a centralized payment system, it uses a endorsement that most users know, which means that only 51% of network node users think you have 100 bitcoins in your account, the entire network recognizes 100 bitcoins in your account.
那么，一旦某个利益集团甚至国家操纵了51%的计算机算力，那么就足以随意操纵交易，修改用户账户中的比特币余额。诚然，有观点认为现今整个比特币网络的算力已经很强大，很难被颠覆。但要注意，比特币的算力高度集中化并不是一个伪命题。目前，全网70%以上的算力就集中在中国。
Then, once an interest group or even a country manipulates 51% of its computing power, it is enough to manipulate the transaction and modify the bitcoin balance in the user account. Indeed, there is a perception that the entire Bitcoin network is already strong and difficult to overturn.
国家级攻击者可以利用比特币设计的漏洞进行攻击
The state-level attacker could use a bug in Bitcoin's design to attack.
此外，计算机技术的进步是非常快的。在几年前，科学家们还在研发10P级的超算，而在去年100P的神威太湖之光就已经问世了，而且科学家们正计划在2020年研发出1000P的超算。正是这种技术进步速度，使过去看起来拥有较强算力的网络，在新的技术面前就显得很一般了，未来的国家级攻击者完全可以凭借更先进、性能更强大的计算机一举操控51%以上的算力。
A few years ago, scientists were also developing a 10-P-class super-count, and last year's 100-P Light was born, and scientists are planning to develop a 1,000-P-calculus by 2020. That is the pace of technological progress that made it seem like a more economical network in the past, which is quite common in the face of new technologies, and the future country-level assailants can control more than 51% of the computing power with more advanced and more robust computers.
结语
Concluding remarks
必须强调的是由于比特币本身不具备任何价值，而且在设计上存在漏洞，使投资比特币完全就是参与一场风险极高的金融赌局。对于比特币，电影《华尔街之狼》主角原型约旦·贝尔福特就表示“比我做过的任何一件事恶劣得多”，他还断言比特币是“史上最大骗局”、“在众人眼前搞得不可收拾”。
It must be emphasized that, because bitcoin is not of any value in itself, and because of its design gaps, the investment in bitcoin is simply a highly risky financial gambler. For bitcoin, Jordan Belfort, the main character of the film Wolves on Wall Street, says, “it's much worse than anything I've ever done,” and claims that bitcoin is the “greatest fraud in history” and that it is unmanageable in the eyes of everyone.
正是因为比特币很有可能让普通投资者血本无归，且非常适合被用于各自非法活动，甚至可能对国家金融安全造成负面影响，中国、俄罗斯、韩国等国家等叫停了比特币交易。
It is precisely because Bitcoin is likely to leave ordinary investors at risk and to be well suited to their own illegal activities and may even have a negative impact on national financial security that countries like China, Russia, South Korea, etc. have stopped trading in bitcoin.
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