BTC系统中的两种节点
全节点的要求
request for full node
默认情况下是沿着最长合法链挖下去，出现分叉也是根据自己先接受到哪一个就选哪一个。
By default, it follows the longest legal chain, and the fork is chosen on the basis of which it first accepts it.
轻节点的要求
Light node request
因为没有存储交易信息，所以轻节点的大小大概只有全节点的千分之一。除了自身交易可以验证，其他都需要依靠全节点。如果只是转账只要是轻节点就可以了
Because there is no stored transaction information, the size of the light node is about one in a thousand of the full node. Except for the fact that your own transaction can be verified, all depends on the full node. If the transfer is just a light node, that's all.
在挖矿过程中，当别人挖到区块之后，其他的矿工需要停下来重新组合block header的信息。可能大家会有疑问，前面的工作白做了？其实并不是，因为挖到矿的概率是无记忆性的，就是说你前面做的工作对后面挖到矿的概率没有影响，相当于抛硬币的例子，抛到正面的概率和你之前是不是正面没有关系。
During the mining process , when someone digs a block, the rest of the miners need to stop and reassemble the Block Header information. Perhaps you will question whether the previous work has been done for nothing.
挖矿设备的变迁
1、最开始大家用的是家用电脑来挖矿，这时候只用到CPU（会有资源的大量闲置，内存什么的，而且本身挖矿也只使用很少的CPU指令）
1, the first thing you use is a home computer to dig for mines , which is used only for CPUs. (There will be a lot of idle resources, memory or whatever, and very few CPU instructions are used to dig for mines.)
2、第二代设备GPU挖矿，BTC挖矿只用到整数整数操作，相比CPU的挖矿效率有了很大提升，但是还是有很多资源浪费
2, second-generation GPU mining , BTC mining only works in integer numbers, which is much more efficient than CPU mining, but there is still a lot of waste of resources.
3、第三代，专门设计的ASIC芯片，一般来说不同的加密货币是使用不同的ASIC芯片。
3, third generation, specially designed ASIC chips, different encrypted currencies generally use different ASIC chips.
变迁的主要原因是效率，最开始人少的时候，使用家用电脑的算力和成本算下来都是能接受的，随着挖矿竞争的变得激烈，设备要求变得越来越高，最终演化到现在只能使用专用设备（设备换代很快，淘汰了也没有其他方面的用途）
The main reason for the change was efficiency, since, at the beginning of the transition, the computing power and cost of using home computers were acceptable and, as the competition for mining intensified, the equipment requirements became more demanding, and it evolved to use only specialized equipment (the equipment was quickly replaced and no other uses were eliminated)
很多新发行的加密货币为了获得用户，会采用和已有的加密货币一样的minng puzzle，这样不用换机器就能挖这一个货币（实现冷启动）。
Many of the newly issued encrypt currencies use the same Minng Puzzle as the existing encrypt currency in order to obtain users, so that the currency can be dug up without changing machines (for cold start-up).
研究表明一个矿机所获得的大部分利润是前两个月获得的，几个月之后算力可能跟不上了，又要换新的矿机（还是设备商比较赚钱，矿工的风险还是很大的），一般购买ASIC矿机是需要提前预定的，还有不良厂家，会先在最赚钱的前两个月自己挖，之后再把矿机交货。
The study showed that most of the profits from a miner were earned in the first two months, that after a few months it might not be able to keep up with the calculations, that new machines (or whether the equipment dealer is more profitable and the miner's risk is still very high), that the purchase of an ASIC miner usually requires pre-ordering, and that bad manufacturers, which first dig themselves in the first two months of making the most money, will then deliver the miner.
其实这种专业化，已经有点和去中心化的初衷有点背离了，算力是集中在少数人手中的，以至于有的加密货币设计的Alternative mining puzzle就是为了对抗ASIC专用化，想普通家用电脑也能参与进来。
In fact, this specialization is a little bit off the point of decentralizing, and the arithmetic is concentrated in the hands of a few, to the extent that some of the encrypted currency designs of the Alternative Mining Puzzle are designed to counter the specialization of the ASIC, so that ordinary PCs can be involved.
大型矿池的出现
原本如果是个人矿工使用ASIC矿机，可能一两年才能挖到一个区块，前面这么长时间的成本投入，这无疑是增大了风险。所以为了摊平这种风险，引入矿池的概念，大家矿机集中起来，挖到区块根据所占贡献大小的比例来分摊BTC奖励。降低很多不确定性风险。
If an individual miner had used an ASIC miner, it would have been possible to dig a block for a year or two, and the cost of such a long time ahead would undoubtedly have increased the risk. So, in order to level this risk, to introduce the concept of a pond, the miner would have come together and the block would have divided the BTC incentive according to the size of its contribution.
主要构成是一个全节点驱动很多矿机，矿工通过通信协议来工作，矿场会发布任务给矿工，矿工提交结果作为工作证明，其实矿池的出现虽然对矿工来说有了收入保障，但是对整个BTC系统的安全来讲，并不是有利的，历史上出现过算力超过总算力51%的矿池。发动51%攻击都是可以做到了，目前而言也是算力集中在几大矿池手上，下面的图是去年的矿池算力分布。
The main component is an all-point drive of many mine machines, miners work through communications agreements, miners issue tasks to miners, miners submit results as proof of work, and the presence of is not beneficial for the safety of the entire BTC system, although income security is provided for miners, and 51% of the attacks have been carried out in history.
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